Ag Alert May 21, 2025

Ag Alert is the newspaper of the California Farm Bureau Federation, reaching Farm Bureau agricultural and collegiate members. Agricultural members are owners and decision-makers on California farms and ranches. The California Farm Bureau Federation is a non-governmental, non-profit, voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to protect and promote agricultural interests throughout the state of California and to find solutions to the problems of the farm, the farm home and the rural community. Farm Bureau is California's largest farm organization, comprised of 53 county Farm Bureaus. Farm Bureau strives to protect and improve the ability of farmers and ranchers engaged in production agriculture to provide a reliable supply of food and fiber through responsible stewardship of California's resources.

‘Grunting ox’ Sierra Valley couple raises yaks for meat and fiber

Special issue Improved irrigation methods aid on-farm efficiency

Page 10

IRRIGATION

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www.cfbf.com • www.agalert.com MAY 21, 2025

The Newspaper for California Agriculture

Trees & Vines Dairy & Livestock

special reports

By Ching Lee As markets and supply chains react to the latest U.S. tariff whiplash, California agriculture advocates make the case that federal trade policies could benefit by giving farmers and agricultural exporters more certainty and predictability. That was a key message from Matthew Viohl, a California Farm Bureau policy ad- vocacy director, who testified during an informational hearing last week hosted by California Treasurer Fiona Ma. The hear- ing focused on consequences of President Trump’s tariff policies on California indus- tries, including agriculture, and came just as the U.S. and China announced a 90-day pause of their triple-digit tariffs. Under the agreement, U.S. tariffs on Chinese goods have been lowered from as high as 145% to 30%, and China’s retalia- tory duties on U.S. imports have dropped from 125% to 10%. Trump last month also agreed to postpone for 90 days higher tar- iffs against more than 50 countries. While speakers at the hearing welcomed the news of the tariff reversal, they also raised concerns that the chaotic rollout of the president’s tariff policies could do long- term damage to their industries. Viohl described the 90-day reprieve as “a great start” but lamented that negative im- pacts have already been felt by California farmers and agricultural exporters. “Countries are looking at us as not as reliable a trade partner as we used to be,” he said. He recounted the lasting impacts of Trump’s trade dispute during his first term, when China was a much larger trad- ing partner. But with the imposition of re- taliatory tariffs on U.S. agricultural goods, China has since imported much less, espe- cially California tree nuts. It wasn’t just China. India in 2019 also hit back with counter tariffs on U.S. almonds and other agricultural products and did not lift them until 2023, Viohl noted. See TARIFFS, Page 23 Tariff uncertainty hurts agricultural exports, economy

Farmers liquidate assets as banks retreat Farmer Bill Berryhill checks on sauvignon blanc vines he is converting to a new trellis system at his Clements vineyard, which spans Sacramento and San Joaquin counties. Berryhill sold a 22-acre vineyard in Stanislaus County this year to raise the money he needed to cover farming expenses.

By Caleb Hampton Water credits, farm equipment, a piece of the farm itself. These are some of the as- sets farmers have sold this year to finance their operations. Typically, many farmers take out yearly operating loans to pay for labor, fertilizer, fuel and other input costs, and then they pay back the loans after harvesting and

selling their crops. But as the farm econ- omy struggles, lenders have pulled back, and some farmers are liquidating assets to continue farming. “What’s happened is the working cap- ital—those loans—just dried up,” said Bill Berryhill, who farms in Stanislaus, San Joaquin and Sacramento counties. “It’s a little tough to farm without any operating money.”

A fourth-generation farmer and former California Assemblyman from 2008 to 2012, Berryhill expanded his winegrape acreage about 20 years ago, buying a vine- yard in Clements where an unbroken mo- saic of vines extended through rolling hills to Lodi and beyond.

“That was my leap of faith in the wine

See ASSETS, Page 16

Comment.......................................2 From the Fields........................4-5 Trees & Vines...........................6-7 Dairy & Livestock...............10-11 Classifieds........................... 24-26 Inside Published by

n e w s p a p e r

C ommentary

Technical knowledge needed for state’s water future

Water professionals gather at a flow management course taught last winter at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, Irrigation Training and Research Center.

By Stuart Styles Efficient water management is a growing priority in California as agriculture, urban and recreational development, and envi- ronmental needs increasingly compete for limited resources. There is a press-

the-art training for modernizing canal and pump control systems. The Certified Irrigator Program is sponsored by the CDFA Water Efficiency Technical Assistance program. The two- class sequence focuses initially on basic irrigation principles and advances to top- ics such as pipeline hydraulics and irriga- tion efficiency. These classes are offered in English and Spanish and are targeted for on-farm irrigation professionals, with an emphasis on drip systems. After comple- tion of each in-person course, attendees can take an exam to receive certification. ITRC also provides two self-paced on- line courses that are available year-round. The online Certified Fertigator course is sponsored by CDFA’s Fertilizer Research and Education Program and is available in English and Spanish. The classes cover techniques in the control and application of fertilizers through irrigation systems and strategies to conform to nitrogen regula- tions in California. Other key topics include the character- istics and behavior of nitrogen fertilizers, challenges associated with phosphorus and potassium applications, use of growth enhancers and organic-compliant meth- ods for keeping drip systems clean. The course emphasizes increasing crop yields per acre-foot of evapotranspiration through improved fertility management, a critical objective for California growers facing on- going water and regulatory pressures. Cal Poly’s ITRC continues to be a vital hub for irrigation education, research and inno- vation, training the next generation of pro- fessionals to meet California’s water man- agement challenges. For more information about projects or short courses, visit itrc.org. Stuart Styles is a professor of irrigation and director of the Irrigation Training and Research Center at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. He may be contacted at sstyles@calpoly.edu. Victoria Paolini, agricultural communi- cations technician at Cal Poly’s Irrigation Training and Research Center, contributed to this commentary.

ing need for profes- sionals who under- stand water system complexities but also can design, manage and opti- mize irrigation sys- tems. To meet this need, professionals need an excellent

Stuart Styles

ated by 15 professionals and 30 part-time student technicians. ITRC offers year-round technical training for irrigation district staff, engi- neers, consultants and growers. These workshops combine classroom instruc- tion with hands-on experiences at the Irrigation Performance Facility and the Water Hydraulic Laboratory. Thirteen irrigation courses are available to Cal Poly students. During COVID-19, these were among the few classes held on the Cal Poly campus. The outdoor facili- ties provided a perfect classroom setting, bringing safe instruction. Courses de- signed for students have been shared with irrigation dealers, districts and the broader industry. These 525 professional offerings have served more than 11,700 participants, with 157,200 professional education hours logged over 35 years. Irrigation System Evaluation, or ISE, short courses, sponsored by the California Department of Water Resources, prepare participants for ITRC Certified Distribution Uniformity Evaluator certification. ISE1 combines theory with lab practices, while ISE2 involves complete field evaluations of drip and microirrigation systems in the San Joaquin Valley. Certified evaluators perform sum- mer distribution uniformity evaluations statewide. Offered free through DWR and the California Department of Food and

Agriculture, these assessments involve measuring pressures and flows and in- specting system components. Students input the data, analyze it with staff support, then compile reports with results and rec- ommendations. They also meet growers to review findings and suggest improvements, often boosting yield and crop quality. The Designer/Manager School of Irrigation program offers courses in sched- uling, hydraulics, pumps, row crop drip irrigation, and drip and microirrigation design aligned with Irrigation Association certifications. Most exams and books were provided by ITRC and authored by me and Charles Burt, who has been my mentor. For water districts, the Irrigation District School of Irrigation courses are held during the winter months. The workshops are spon- sored by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, California Great Basin region. The program includes courses in flow management, pumps, modernization and SCADA. ITRC is updating its popular flow man- agement short course to become a certi- fied program, which will include a formal exam and certificate. This new certifica- tion is designed to strengthen industry standards and better prepare participants for real-world applications. The certified course is expected to be launched soon. The SCADA course now features cut- ting-edge Schneider Electric 474i con- trollers, offering water districts a state-of-

source of irrigation education that includes extensive written material to emphasize the details and a tested hands-on compo- nent to help understand complex topics. Cal Poly’s Irrigation Training and Research Center, or ITRC, plays a critical role in addressing that need. I started working for

the ITRC in 1993 and have been director since 2000. Founded in 1989 by Dr. Charles Burt and housed within the

IRRIGATION

BioResource and Agricultural Engineering Department, ITRC was specifically devel- oped to ensure long-term positive benefits to Cal Poly’s academic irrigation training program, emphasizing the “Learn by Doing” motto. The center’s work spans irrigation dis- trict modernization, supervisory control and data acquisition systems, or SCADA, and canal automation, flow rate manage- ment, on-farm irrigation system evalua- tions, energy efficiency and evapotrans- piration measurement. ITRC balances its academic irrigation program while also serving as a techni- cal resource for the water industry. It in- tegrates training, research and technical support to serve students and profession- als across California. The center is oper-

VOL. 52, NO. 11

May 21, 2025

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2 Ag Alert May 21, 2025

Solar canal project provides low-cost energy, more water

By Vicky Boyd An array of solar panels constructed over a Turlock Irrigation District canal recently began generating electricity and could lead to additional installations statewide, should the pilot project prove successful. Supporters believe the

academic collaboration, it will generate data to guide future projects, said Robin Raj, Solar AquaGrid co-founder and chief creative officer. Project Nexus’ findings also could be valuable to the broader California Solar Canal Initiative led by independent ad- viser Solar AquaGrid and the University of Southern California Dornsife Public Exchange. A multidisciplinary research team from seven universities, including six from California, identifies community-use cases and opportunities to scale projects. As part of the initiative, Raj said the com- pany plans to develop a decision-making framework and mapping tool to identify locations in the state best suited for solar canal systems. How much of the state’s 4,000 miles of exposed canals could potentially host solar panel coverings is unknown. But if all qual- ify, a 2021 University of California, Merced, study estimated they could generate up to 13 gigawatts of electricity annually. That’s enough to power up to 2 million homes and more than half the new solar capaci- ty the state needs by 2030 to meet its car- bon-reduction goals. The study also looked at how shading might reduce water loss from radiative evaporation. If all 4,000 miles were cov-

solar-over-canal installa- tions not only make wiser use of land by piggyback- ing on existing infrastruc- ture but also may reduce

IRRIGATION

water evaporation, cool the panels to im- prove electrical generation, and reduce vegetative growth and canal maintenance. Michael Frantz, president of Frantz Wholesale Nursery in Hickman and TID board chairman, said the district continues to look at low-cost carbon-free sources of electricity, and this project has the poten- tial to provide just that. “One of the significant cost drivers of solar electricity is land,” he said. “TID is blessed to be in an area with reliable water, which leads to expensive farmland values, so we’re very interested in learning about the viability of using our existing canals.” Dubbed Project Nexus, the effort represents California’s first solar-canal project. Developed as a public-private-

Turlock Irrigation District has erected about 1,400 linear feet of solar panels over two irrigation canals to evaluate their power-generation potential as part of Project Nexus.

ered, it could save up to 63 billion gallons of water annually, or enough to irrigate 50,000 acres of cropland or supply up to 2 million homes. In addition, the study predicted shading from the solar panels could reduce costs to manage aquatic weeds, which are stimu- lated by sunlight and warm temperatures. The California Department of Water Resources provides up to $20 million from the state general fund for the TID pilot project. But Turlock isn’t the only water district looking at combining solar with irrigation canals.

Spurred by the UC Merced report, the San Luis Delta-Mendota Canal Authority was close to beginning a five-year pub- lic-private pilot project to build floating solar panels along the 117-mile-long Delta- Mendota Canal. About $15 million in U.S. Bureau of Reclamation funding is currently on hold. The pilot was part of a larger multi- state effort funded by former President Joe Biden’s Inflation Reduction Act. TID was chosen for Project Nexus because it is one of only four irrigation districts in the state that has irrigation

See SOLAR, Page 19

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May 21, 2025 Ag Alert 3

From the Fields ® IRRIGATION EDITION

Sponsored by:

Ray Yeung Yolo County farmer

Kyle Harmon Monterey County vegetable grower

The processing tomato company Morning Star developed a system called Gradient for irrigating their tomatoes. We use it on our tomatoes. It takes pic- tures of the plant, and it uses some kind of algorithm to measure the plant’s health and how much water it needs. It reads how much moisture is coming off the plant, and it uses all kinds of complicated mathematical formulas for when you should irrigate. It’s a total game changer because a lot of times when you use a moisture me- ter, it may say the soil is wet, but the plants still need water. This thing is amazing because it goes in the soil, and it has a camera that takes a picture of the plant, and it figures out whether the plant needs water. It’s unbelievable because we have fields that we haven’t given a drop of water. There’s another product called Skeepon made by Ac-Planta out of Japan that prevents transplant shock and heat damage. We’ve been using it since last year. I’m always willing to try something because you just never know. When I first tried it, I waited for the absolute hottest day of the year to plant the tomatoes, and amazingly, they survived. We’re working with it again this year. You apply the material, which is like vinegar, to the transplant at the green- house. You mix it with water and spray it over the top of the plant, and then you can put another application on before you plant. It makes the plant more resil- ient to heat. I’m so excited about this. That’s why I jumped on board because every other product out there tries to change the environment for the plant. This is the only product that changes the plant for the environment. Because of this product, we’re probably the only guys in the state planting to- matoes in this heat because no one else is willing to take the risk. They’re afraid the plants are going to burn.

We grow 38 different commodities throughout the Salinas Valley. Eighty- percent are organic, and 20% are conventional. We have another 2,000 acres of organic crops in the Imperial Valley. We are mostly sprinkler irrigation. Within the last year and a half, we have expanded our drip irrigation practices. We are using more buried drip instead of surface drip tape. We’re doing drip germination on romaine, iceberg, and our red and green leaf lettuces, both conventionally and organically. We’re seeing a reduced input on water, less weeds and better germination uniformity. There is definitely some labor savings. Once we put the drip tape in place, it is there throughout the crop cycle, and we’re not having to go through and check sprinklers. In the desert, we still do some furrow irrigation, which is pretty typical. But even in the desert, we are expanding our drip tape impact both for uniformity distribution and for water savings. In the desert, we’re seeing a 40% water savings by doing drip tape compared to our traditional irrigation practices. We are planting and harvesting. We’re finishing our first round of crops in the Salinas Valley and are getting ready to start our second round. Back in November, we used some drip tape, but because we have Mother Nature on our side, we don’t tend to use much drip tape because we rely somewhat on rainfall. We use recycled drip tape, the ReGen brand from Netafim. It’s made from 50% recycled drip tape from the previous seasons. All the drip tape we use is picked up and recycled. They have a regenerative certification program for growers that use the recycled program. The markets are a little soft this season, both for conventional and organic. We are seeing that lettuce and celery have some strong demand, but our other commodities are a little slow to move. I don’t know what the cause of that is. I think that’s the golden question.

Jim Morris Siskiyou County rancher and farmer

We are a cow-calf operation and a sheep operation producing lambs for sale. Cattle prices are at unheard of numbers right now. Prices are off the charts, so I don’t know how sustainable it is, but cow guys are smiling. Lamb prices are fair, and there’s no market at all for wool. We also grow forage crops and hay crops for retail. We’re within a week or two of cutting hay. We’re exploring the world of seed crops—grass seed and vegetable seed. These crops allow us to grow using a little less water because our water is very regulated in Scott Valley and Shasta Valley. Until very recently, we were under an emergency declaration for drought, and this was at the same time that our county had issued an emergency declaration for flooding, which is a bit of a conundrum. The state has tried to deal with the situation by just perpetuating the regulation that we had during the drought through legislation. We have tons of water in the river, and it’s leaving to the ocean, so adding more storage would be valuable. We are doing groundwater recharge research, and the results at this point look very promis- ing that we can store wet-season water when the river is high. There is plenty of water, so we think the water year should be fine, but we don’t know if the state is going to shut us down. The state has asked us to write a local cooperative solution that shows how we’re going to cut our irrigation by 30% under 2020 levels. It’s tough to do, but that is why I am looking at water conservation crops. The local cooperative solution program is like an insurance policy that we start paying the premium right up front and we cut our irrigation by 30%—even if we find out later there was plenty of water. We’re going to remain optimistic that we will find a way through this water situation.

4 Ag Alert May 21, 2025

Insights from farmers and ranchers across the Golden State, including members of the California Farm Bureau.

Doug Phillips Tulare County tree fruit grower, packer and shipper

I just started a big project putting in a couple of new reservoirs. They will have new sand media filters as opposed to a gravity-screen type. It’s more efficient to pump di- rect from the reservoir booster through closed filters into your microsprinkler irrigation system. As part of the project, we’re putting in soil moisture probes on every 10 acres. We’ll have a probe, weather station and controller that allow us to look at data from a cellphone or computer and determine when to irrigate and how much to irrigate. The whole idea with the reservoir is we can manage our water much more effi- ciently by having shorter irrigation runs. We can turn the pump off remotely with the phone. Part of the project is variable frequency drive, or VFD. We can control the booster pump motor and make it more efficient by running it at a lower hertz. I’m hoping we can use 25% less water. I’m a little concerned about some of the federal and state programs that could off- set some of the cost of these things, as they’re not cheap. With SGMA (Sustainable Groundwater Management Act) and establishment of GSAs (groundwater sustain- ability agencies), it’s become imperative that we cut back on groundwater pumping and try to use whatever surface water we have more efficiently and not have to re- move orchards, which may still be in the cards if we get another extended drought. We already picked some early peaches in late April. We’re about to start some plums and pluots. The biggest disappointment was the citrus, particularly lemons. Packout returns have been lower than normal. Mandarins, in many cases, aren’t do- ing that great. But the stone fruit season just started, and that crop looks good. My kiwi had a good year last year marketing wise, and we have a very nice-looking crop coming in. Bloom just finished. We can see the crop, and it looks very good. We’re optimistic about kiwifruit, especially the red kiwi.

To contribute to From the Fields, submit your name, county of membership and contact information to agalert@cfbf.com.

Keep what's above our land safe by understanding what's below. Call 811 Before You Dig

May 21, 2025 Ag Alert 5

A SPECIAL GROWERS’ REPORT OF AG ALERT ® CALIFORNIA Trees & Vines

Plant moisture monitors help to optimize irrigation By Vicky Boyd A data logger records readings from a FloraPulse microtensiometer, which measures water potential in almond trees. The sensor is embedded directly into the tree’s woody tissue, providing contin- uous and accurate readings of water status. The data collected can be used to optimize irrigation practices and improve tree health.

In a previous two-year trial at the Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center near Parlier, University of California, Davis, plant science professor Ken Shackel compared pressure bomb midday stem water potential readings to those from FloraPulse, Phytech and another sensor no longer sold. The pressure bomb is considered the industry gold standard in assessing how much water stress a tree is experiencing. During the project funded by the Almond Board of California, Shackel found seasonal stress patterns were similar among all sensors with varying levels of correlation to tradi- tional pressure bomb readings. FloraPulse uses a microtensiometer installed in a tree scaffold a few millimeters below the bark into the xylem, or tissue that carries water from the roots to the canopy. By mea- suring how much suction is needed to pull water from the soil, the device reports stem water potential as a negative number. A data logger mounted nearby records plant water status and irrigation system opera- tion, sending the information to the cloud. While pressure bombing is labor-intensive and involves bagging tree leaves and then applying pressure to the bagged leaves, FloraPulse provides stem water potential readings every 20 minutes directly to smartphones, said company founder and CEO Michael Santiago. The optional Pressure Bomb Express smartphone app converts the amount of stress the tree is experiencing, UC irrigation data and irrigation system information into area-specific recommendations, said Kaplan, who helped develop the app. He’s also a Chico-area prune See SENSORS, Page 7

As water and labor costs increase and availability decreases, a small but growing number of farmers have added plant moisture monitors to their toolbox to help fine- tune irrigation.

Two products on the market—FloraPulse and Phytech—use different technologies to provide real-time plant water status and reduce the manpower needed to monitor it.

As part of his Chico-based irrigation monitoring technology busi- ness, Pressure Bomb Express, Ryan Kaplan has installed FloraPulse in mostly almond orchards from as far north as the Sacramento Valley to Fresno. Grower interest definitely has increased, he said, and most of his customers have subscribed to the service to save water, improve yields or reduce labor costs. “No one has mentioned they’re doing it because of SGMA (Sustainable Groundwater Management Act), yet it’s a tool that could be super helpful if you’re being cut off from water,” Kaplan said. “I’m sure it will be brought up at some time.” Derek Sohnrey, who grows tree nuts and rice with his family near Orland, initially started using the pressure bomb to monitor tree water status and has since moved to FloraPulse in his almonds because of its labor savings and consistency of results. “It’s extremely helpful, especially when you’re trying to manage multiple crops,” he said. “Everybody’s trying to run small crews nowadays. From a time management side, (FloraPulse) is really nice.” The first year Sohnrey used the device, he compared his results to those of the pressure bomb and found them very close. He’s since stopped using the pressure bomb. IRRIGATION

6 Ag Alert May 21, 2025

Sensors Continued from Page 6 and tree nut grower who uses FloraPulse in his family’s orchards. Sohnrey has used the Pressure Bomb Express app for several years and said his father appreciates how easy it is to use and likes being able to check plant water status from his smartphone. “Several times I wouldn’t think I need- ed to irrigate yet, and it’s like, oh, wow, I definitely need to irrigate,” Sohnrey said. “Other times, it said we were actually re- ally wet, and you can watch it trend on the graph. It gives you more insight into the tree and what it’s doing at certain times.” FloraPulse this year introduced a 7-mil- limeter unit that is 50% smaller, more ac- curate, more reliable and better sealed to resist environmental factors, Santiago said. “The original one worked great for al- monds and prunes, but we found out in some crops like winegrapes and citrus, it was necessary to measure stem water po- tential in the outer xylem,” he said. In the past, FloraPulse recommended the unit for trunks or branches at least 2 inches in diameter. The smaller model can be used on trunks or branches of about a 0.75-inch diameter. The company has more than 150 units in almond and prune orchards statewide. Santiago said the company still doesn’t recommend the device for walnuts be- cause the tree produces fluid around the wound site, which hampers accurate read- ings. Shackel is conducting research to try to improve its use in walnuts. In pistachios, Santiago said FloraPulse has produced in- consistent results. The Phytech system, on the other hand, is based on dendrometers—precision sen- sors that attach to a tree trunk and mea- sure microscopic changes in diameter throughout the day, said Ziv Attia, Phytech global head of agronomy. Well-watered plants have a consistent pattern of trunks shrinking slightly throughout the day as water tension rises in the xylem. As they rehydrate, trunks expand overnight. If a tree is under stress, the maximum daily shrinkage becomes more pro- nounced, and overnight recovery is incom- plete. By measuring the daily shrinkage and growth values and using a crop-specif- ic algorithm, Attia said growers can easily identify which blocks are under stress days before visible symptoms appear. Phytech’s measurements, paired with irrigation duration and quantity, soil mois- ture readings, weather data and satellite imagery, give users real-time insight into plant health and water demand, he said. “Growers gain a holistic point of view of their water management practices— understanding not just how much water they’ve applied but how it moves through the soil profile,” Attia said. “Most impor- tantly, they see how the orchard is re- sponding on a daily basis.” Sensor placement is tailored to grow- ers’ specific goals, whether they want to monitor a representative area of a block or focus on a historically underperform- ing section. Satellite imagery, historical yield data and plant variety help guide

sensor placement. In a Nonpareil-Monterey almond or- chard, for example, placing one unit on each variety can help growers fine-tune ir- rigation across varietal differences, he said. The company serves more than 400,000 acres of cropland worldwide, with the bulk of the sensors being deployed on perma- nent crops. Vicky Boyd is a reporter in Modesto. She may be contacted at agalert@cfbf.com.

Some winegrape growers have tapped the Phytech technology to determine the start of veraison, or the ripening process, and when to begin regulated deficit irrigation to enhance fruit quality.

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May 21, 2025 Ag Alert 7

CCA Today

Sponsored by:

How a CCA approaches nitrogen management plans By Eryn Wingate

to each crop’s nitrogen requirements and adjust fertilizer application recommenda- tions according to unique field conditions. Before writing the INMP, CCAs take soil and water samples to measure available nitrogen levels before planting. CCAs then calculate the amount of nitrogen fertilizer required

Nitrogen sources in the soil include ni- trate and ammonium, as well as organic nitrogen locked in organic matter, previ- ous crop residue and amendments like compost. Soil microbial activity trans- forms organic nitrogen into plant available forms at predictable rates that vary according to the type of organic matter and envi-

crop’s growth and nitrogen uptake pat- tern, so that we apply the right amount at the right time. Most crops require very little nitrogen during establishment but absorb it at increasing rates during veg- etative growth until a peak is reached prior to flowering and fruiting or har- vest. Growers can further optimize ni- trogen-use efficiency by adjusting fertil- izer placement and selecting the types of nitrogen best suited to the crop, growth stage and soil type. Always remember, when it comes to nu- trient management, it is important to apply the right rate, at the right time, at the right place using the right type of fertilizer. Contact your Certified Crop Adviser for more information on INMPs and proper nitrogen management. Visit www.wrcca.org. Access California Fertilization Guidelines at www.cdfa.ca.gov/is/ffldrs/frep/ FertilizationGuidelines/. Eryn Wingate is an executive board member of the Western Region Certified Crop Advisers and Lead Agronomist for Tri-Tech Ag Products Inc. She may be reached at info@wrcca.org.

Growers throughout California are im- proving fertilizer use efficiency in response to heightened regulatory pressure and ris- ing production costs. The California State Water Resources Control Board requires growers throughout the state to complete Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Plans, or INMPs, to protect surface and groundwater resources from nitrogen runoff and leaching. While specific INMP requirements vary between regions, most growers must report planned and applied nitrogen fertilizer use, irrigation and har- vest quantity. Mandated reporting, along with high fertilizer and water prices, mo- tivates growers to manage nitrogen as effi- ciently as possible. Certified Crop Advisers with Nitrogen Management Specialty training can write and certify INMPs to help growers meet regulatory requirements, while sustaining or improving crop production and ROI. University of California researchers have established nitrogen uptake requirements for most crops, providing a baseline for nitrogen budgeting. CCAs tailor INMPs

by subtracting the quan- tity of nitrogen already available in the soil and irrigation wa- ter from the crop’s

ronmental factors like soil temperature and

moisture. CCAs es- timate the quantity of organic nitro- gen that will likely become available over the course of the season and account for it in the fertilizer budget. State mandated INMPs require growers to report the total amount of nitrogen planned and ap-

total nitrogen up- take requirement. Some irrigation

sources contain high nitrate levels, significantly contrib- uting to the nitrogen budget. CCAs quantify pounds of nitrogen ap- plied per acre-foot of water and reduce fertilizer application rates accordingly. Residual soil nitrogen similar- ly contributes to the nitrogen budget, but availability is more difficult to predict.

Certified Crop Advisers help growers improve crop production and ROI.

plied throughout the season, but many CCAs will provide additional guidance on split application rates and timing, as well as nitrogen type and placement in the bed. Fertilization should match the

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A SPECIAL PRODUCERS’ REPORT OF AG ALERT ® CALIFORNIA Dairy & Livestock

‘Shaggy mountain cows’ prized for meat, other uses

By Linda DuBois Diners at Sunnyside Restaurant & Lodge in Tahoe City who sample the popular bolognaise on the winter-season menu may be getting their very first taste of its main ingredient. When Executive Chef Christian Novak and his team make this dish, instead of using traditional ground beef or pork, they use meat from domesticated yaks descended from shaggy bovines native to the Himalayan mountains. While foreign to many of Sunnyside’s diners, this dark- red lean meat is approachable, often compared to grass- fed beef or bison. Novak said he enjoys sharing the story of the nearby ranch that raises the yaks, noting the dish is listed on the menu as “Sierra Valley Yaks Bolognaise,” piquing people’s interest. “Not everyone knows what a yak is,” he said. Sierra Valley Yaks owners Greg and Jenna Gatto also knew very little about the animals before they started rais- ing them. Greg Gatto had owned a small herd of beef cattle for about 20 years. After moving to the Sierra Valley, where he met Jenna, he would keep the herd in the mountains during the summer but move them to the valley for winter. “I thought it would be really nice to have something here year-round,” Greg Gatto said. He started thinking about animals that would do well in a high elevation and said he “threw the idea of yaks out there to Jenna.” That was about nine years ago. The couple started with 11 from Idaho and later added another 11 from Montana and built their herd of 165 from those. Now, they’re rotat- ing four bulls that breed with about 70 cows. Besides meat, yaks also produce good milk, high in fat and protein, which the Gattos regularly consume at home. They said they hope to eventually break into the dairy business, but because they both have full-time jobs out- side the ranch, they haven’t found time to work through the red tape required to get that started. Descended from the larger wild yak, or Bos mutus, the domestic yak is named Bos grunniens, which means “grunting ox.” “Yaks grunt rather than moo,” Greg Gatto said. “They sound almost like pigs.” Domestic yaks are similar to cattle, with a few distinc- tions. The females, especially, are much smaller than typ- ical cows. “They look a lot like Highland cattle. We call them shag- gy mountain cows,” Greg Gatto said. The horned animals have a long coat with outer pro- tective hair and a thick undercoat that grows during the winter. Then they naturally shed during warm months. Mostly docile and friendly, the Gattos’ yaks often will approach the couple and eat treats out of their hands. However, if something spooks them, they can stam- pede or jump fences. They don’t respond to trained herd- ing dogs, so the Gattos lure them with treats. They’ll also See YAKS, Page 11

Domesticated yaks, descended from bovines native to the Himalayas, are sold for their meat, milk and fiber.

10 Ag Alert May 21, 2025

Yaks Continued from Page 10

wander if they get the chance. “We had a couple on our front porch last winter because there was so much snow, the fences were buried,” Jenna Gatto said. The Gattos feed the yaks hay in the winter, but in warmer months they thrive off the native pasture of mostly grasses and sedges with a little added clover for protein. They also supplement their diets with copper, a nutrient yaks need in high quantities. “They’re not very picky eaters,” Greg Gatto said. “They’ll browse more than cat- tle do but not quite to the extent of goats.” Due to the rough terrain of their na- tive environment, yaks have fast-grow- ing hooves, which need to be regularly trimmed when not worn down on the soft- er soil of California’s mountains. They also regulate their body temperature through their hooves, often standing in shallow wa- ter to cool themselves off in the summer. While the Gattos raise their yaks pri- marily for meat, they also process and sell about 40 pounds of yak fiber per year. The fiber is short, so they mix in 20% merino wool so the yarn will hold together when artisans start working with it. “We don’t sheer them like you would with sheep because you want them to keep their guard hair that protects them from the sun in the summer,” Greg Gatto said. Instead, they use alpaca combs to collect the animals’ undercoats as they naturally shed in the spring and summer. “It can be a pretty time-consuming process,” he said. “While they don’t give a lot of fiber, what they do give is very, very high quality.”

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Plumas County ranchers Greg and Jenna Gatto, who own Sierra Valley Yaks in Calpine, tend to their yak herd. The couple sells the animals’ meat and fiber, with hopes of breaking into the dairy business.

POWER Engine POWER Engine Displacement Maximum Torque hats and gloves. The yarn made with the shaggy bovines’ hair is “even warmer than merino wool and even softer than cashmere,” she said, adding that it’s also less expensive, more breathable and pills less than cashmere. Unlike wool from sheep, yak fiber doesn’t have an odor or feel scratchy on the skin. “I think it’s just wonderful. It’s a beautiful yarn and fun to work with,” Scabini said. After several years of raising yaks, the Gattos said the animals still intrigue them. “For lack of a better word, they’re really cool animals,” Jenna Gatto said. “My hav- ing not really known anything about them Displacement Bore x Stroke POWER Engine 993cc 23.5:1 Maximum Torque Compression Ratio Bore x Stroke Fuel System POWER Engine Compression Ratio Transmission Displacement 23.5:1 993cc Fuel System Final Drive Maximum Torque Final Drive Fuel System Maximum Torque 993cc Yes 23.5:1 993cc Bore x Stroke Displacement Compression Ratio

Ground Clearance

10.2 in

and now nine years into this, I’m in awe of how amazing they are in terms of hardi- ness and temperament, their intelligence and fierceness—in a good way.” Greg Gatto said there’s an “almost pre- historic aura” that yaks give off. “We have been able to make quite a few friends with the local Tibetan communi- ty,” he said. “They’ll come up and visit and leave their prayer flags. The reverence that they give these animals is really something to behold.

10.2 in 16.0 ft “In their home country, the animals are everything—their food, their fiber, and they burn their dung for fuel,” he added. “You can see how much they mean to them, and you really appreciate that kind of symbiosis that humans can have with animals.” 7.9 gal 16.0 ft 10.2 in 999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person) 3-person (1-row), 6-person (2-row) Linda DuBois is assistant editor of California Bountiful ® magazine, where this article first appeared in the Winter 2025 issue. She may be contacted at ldubois@cfbf.com. 7.9 gal 999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person) 1,574 lb 7.9 gal 16.0 ft 10.2 in

Fuel Capacity

4-stroke, 3-cylinder, OHV, liquid-cooled, diesel

Ground Clearance Turning Radius

Fuel Capacity Cargo Bed Dimensions (LxWxH) Turning Radius Cargo Bed Load Capacity Fuel Capacity Cargo Bed Dimensions (LxWxH) Payload Capacity Turning Radius Ground Clearance Cargo Bed Load Capacity Seating Capacity Towing Capacity Cargo Bed Dimensions (LxWxH) Fuel Capacity Payload Capacity Cargo Bed Load Capacity Seating Capacity Lighting Turning Radius Payload Capacity Cargo Bed Dimensions (LxWxH) Towing Capacity DETAILS Overall Length DETAILS Overall Length Overall Width Overall Height Seating Capacity Cargo Bed Load Capacity Ground Clearance Towing Capacity Payload Capacity Lighting Seating Capacity

42.7 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (3-person) / 22.0 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (6-p

4-stroke, 3-cylinder, OHV, liquid-cooled, diesel 38.3 lb-ft @ 2,400 rpm

74.0 x 77.0mm

42.7 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (3-person) / 22.0 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (6-p

38.3 lb-ft @ 2,400 rpm 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, OHV, liquid-cooled, diesel 74.0 x 77.0mm Bosch in-line injection pump Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) with (H,L,N,R) Bosch in-line injection pump Selectable 2WD/4WD, shaft. Dual mode rear differential with differential lock 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, OHV, liquid-cooled, diesel Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) with (H,L,N,R) Selectable 2WD/4WD, shaft. Dual mode rear differential with differential lock 55 amp Bosch in-line injection pump Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) with (H,L,N,R) Selectable 2WD/4WD, shaft. Dual mode rear differential with differential lock Bosch in-line injection pump Double wishbone/8.7 in Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) with (H,L,N,R) Double wishbone/8.5 in (L)/8.7 in (R) Selectable 2WD/4WD, shaft. Dual mode rear differential with differential lock 55 amp 38.3 lb-ft @ 2,400 rpm 74.0 x 77.0mm 38.3 lb-ft @ 2,400 rpm 74.0 x 77.0mm

42.7 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (3-person) / 22.0 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (6-p

1,574 lb 2,000 lb 7.9 gal 16.0 ft

BRIGHT WHITE 2025 MULE PRO-DXT ™ FE EPS BRIGHT WHITE 2025 MULE PRO-DXT ™ FE EPS 2025 MULE PRO-DXT ™ FE EPS 2025 MULE PRO-DXT ™ FE EPS Donatella Scabini of El Cerrito said she’s a big fan. An avid knitter and cro- cheter, she uses it to make sweaters, car- digans, blankets, throws, scarves, shawls,

3-person (1-row), 6-person (2-row) (2) Halogen headlights 999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person)

T ™ FE EPS T ™ FE EPS T ™ FE EPS T ™ FE EPS

Transmission Engine Braking Alternator Output (max) Engine Braking CAPABILITY Front Suspension / Wheel Travel Alternator Output (max) CAPABILITY Front Suspension / Wheel Travel MSRP $19,999 MSRP $19,999 MSRP $19,999 MSRP $19,999 Final Drive Fuel System Engine Braking Transmission Bore x Stroke Final Drive Engine Braking

42.7 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (3-person) / 22.0 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (6-p

2,000 lb 1,574 lb

Farm Bureau members receive a $ 500 Exclusive Cash Reward * toward an eligible new F-150 ® Lightning ® , Super Duty ® , F-150, Ranger ® or Maverick ® 133.3 in 79.5 in 1,574 lb 64.0 in 1,971.3 lb* 2,000 lb 79.5 in 92.3 in 133.3 in 92.3 in 64.0 in 133.3 in 2,000 lb 64.0 in 79.5 in 133.3 in (2) Halogen headlights

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Yes 23.5:1 • 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, OHV, liquid-cooled, diesel Transmission Compression Ratio 55 amp • 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, OHV, liquid-cooled, diesel • Selectable 2WD/4WD, shaft. Dual mode rear differential with differential lock Front Tires Steering • 999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person) Cargo Bed Load Capacity • 2,000 lb Towing Capacity • Double-Wishbone Suspension • 1,971.3 lb* Curb Weight Rear Suspension / Wheel Travel • 999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person) Cargo Bed Load Capacity • 2,000 lb Towing Capacity • Double-Wishbone Suspension • 1,971.3 lb* Curb Weight 26 x 9-12 • 999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person) Cargo Bed Load Capacity • 2,000 lb Towing Capacity • Double-Wishbone Suspension • 1,971.3 lb* Curb Weight Front Brakes Ground Clearance Cargo Bed Dimensions (LxWxH) • 999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person) Cargo Bed Load Capacity • 2,000 lb Towing Capacity • Double-Wishbone Suspension • 1,971.3 lb* Curb Weight 26 x 11-12 • Selectable 2WD/4WD, shaft. Dual mode rear differential with differential lock 26 x 9-12 • Selectable 2WD/4WD, shaft. Dual mode rear differential with differential lock BRIGHT WHITE • Selectable 2WD/4WD, shaft. Dual mode rear differential with differential lock Rear Suspension / Wheel Travel Alternator Output (max) • 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, OHV, liquid-cooled, diesel Rear Tires Alternator Output (max) • 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, OHV, liquid-cooled, diesel Rear Tires Front Brakes Rear Suspension / Wheel Travel CAPABILITY Front Suspension / Wheel Travel Steering Rear Brakes Ground Clearance Front Tires CAPABILITY Front Suspension / Wheel Travel Park Brake Type Turning Radius Front Tires Fuel Capacity Rear Tires Rear Suspension / Wheel Travel Rear Brakes Fuel Capacity Cargo Bed Load Capacity Front Brakes Rear Tires Park Brake Type Turning Radius Cargo Bed Dimensions (LxWxH) Rear Brakes Steering Steering Front Tires 10.2 in 16.0 ft 26 x 11-12 55 amp BRIGHT WHITE 10.2 in 7.9 gal 16.0 ft Yes 26 x 9-12 26 x 11-12 BRIGHT WHITE Yes BRIGHT WHITE

(2) Halogen headlights 3-person (1-row), 6-person (2-row) 999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person)

MSRP $19,999 MSRP $19,999 MSRP $19,999 MSRP $19,999

(2) Halogen headlights 3-person (1-row), 6-person (2-row)

Ford Super Duty Wheelbase Overall Height Instruments Curb Weight Overall Width Overall Width Curb Weight DETAILS Overall Length Overall Height Wheelbase Instruments Overall Width DETAILS Overall Length Curb Weight Wheelbase Overall Height Color Choices Instruments Curb Weight Towing Capacity Lighting

Double wishbone/8.7 in

1,971.3 lb* Multi-function display includes digital speedometer, f odometer, hour meter, clock, dual trip meters, 2WD/4W indicator, water temperature warning indicator, oil pre warning indicator, glow plug indicator, CVT and EPS wa indicators, neutral, reverse and parking indicators, sea reminder lamps Multi-function display includes digital speedometer, f odometer, hour meter, clock, dual trip meters, 2WD/4W indicator, water temperature warning indicator, oil pre warning indicator, glow plug indicator, CVT and EPS wa indicators, neutral, reverse and parking indicators, sea reminder lamps Roof, Horn, Universal Key, High Visibility Orange Seatb Bright White 1,971.3 lb* 92.3 in Multi-function display includes digital speedometer, f odometer, hour meter, clock, dual trip meters, 2WD/4W indicator, water temperature warning indicator, oil pre warning indicator, glow plug indicator, CVT and EPS wa indicators, neutral, reverse and parking indicators, sea reminder lamps Roof, Horn, Universal Key, High Visibility Orange Seatb Multi-function display includes digital speedometer, f odometer, hour meter, clock, dual trip meters, 2WD/4W indicator, water temperature warning indicator, oil pre warning indicator, glow plug indicator, CVT and EPS wa indicators, neutral, reverse and parking indicators, sea reminder lamps Roof, Horn, Universal Key, High Visibility Orange Seatb 64.0 in 79.5 in

Double wishbone/8.5 in (L)/8.7 in (R)

Double wishbone/8.7 in

BRIGHT WHITE

Electric Power Steering (EPS), Tilt steering

Additional Features

Electric Power Steering (EPS), Tilt steering Dual disc, 1-piston caliper Double wishbone/8.7 in Dual disc, 2-piston caliper Double wishbone/8.5 in (L)/8.7 in (R) Dual disc, 2-piston caliper Independent, mechanical disc Double wishbone/8.5 in (L)/8.7 in (R) Dual disc, 1-piston caliper Electric Power Steering (EPS), Tilt steering

POWER Engine POWER Engine Displacement Maximum Torque Bore x Stroke Displacement Compression Ratio

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*Available on the purchase or lease of an eligible new 2024/2025/2026 model year Ford Maverick, Ranger, F-150, Super Duty or F-150 Lightning. Not available on any other Ford or Lincoln vehicles, including F-150 Raptor® and Ranger Raptor. Vehicle eligibility may change at any time. Available to U.S. residents only. Place a new retail order or take new retail delivery from an authorized Ford Dealer’s stock by 1/5/26. Limit of five purchases or leases per household during the program offer (PGM# 32524). Offer subject to dealer participation. May not be used/combined with most other Ford private offers. See an authorized Ford Dealer, or go to FordRecognizesU.com, for complete details and eligibility (PGM# 32524). Due to high demand and global supply chain constraints, some models, trims, and features may not be available or may be subject to change. Check with your local dealer for current information. Offer subject to confirmation of eligibility. Additional Features Wheelbase 92.3 in

4-stroke, 3-cylinder, OHV, liquid-cooled, diesel

993cc

42.7 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (3-person) / 22.0 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (6-person)

Color Choices Instruments

38.3 lb-ft @ 2,400 rpm

7.9 gal *Curb weight includes all necessary materials and fluids to operate correctly, full tank of fuel (more than 90 percent capacity) and tool kit (if supplied). All MULE™ PRO Series side x side's Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) meets the performance requirements of ISO 3471. 999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person) 26 x 9-12

4-stroke, 3-cylinder, OHV, liquid-cooled, diesel 74.0 x 77.0mm

Independent, mechanical disc Dual disc, 2-piston caliper

Additional Features

Farm Bureau members receive a $ 500 Exclusive Cash Reward * toward an eligible new F-150 ® Lightning ® , Super Duty ® , F-150, Ranger ® or Maverick ® Bright White Bright White

Visit FordRecognizesU.com/ FarmBureau today for complete offer details! KAWASAKI CARES: Read Owner's Manual and all on-product warnings. Always wear protective gear appropriate for the use of this vehicle. Never operate under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Protec environment. The Kawasaki MULE™ side x side is an off- highway vehicle only, and is not designed, equipped or manufactured for use on public streets, roads or highways. Obey the laws and regulatio control the use of your vehicle. ©2024 Kawasaki Motors Corp., U.S.A. Specifications subject to change. Visit Kawasaki.com for full product details. *Curb weight includes all necessary materials and fluids to operate correctly, full tank of fuel (more than 90 percent capacity) and tool kit (if supplied). All MULE™ PRO Series side x side's Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) meets the performance requirements of ISO 3471. 999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person) Towing Capacity 2,000 lb Park Brake Type Independent, mechanical disc Fuel Capacity 7.9 gal Electric Power Steering (EPS), Tilt steering KAWASAKI CARES: Read Owner's Manual and all on-product warnings. Always wear protective gear appropriate for the use of this vehicle. Never operate under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Protec environment. The Kawasaki MULE™ side x side is an off- highway vehicle only, and is not designed, equipped or manufactured for use on public streets, roads or highways. Obey the laws and regulatio control the use of your vehicle. ©2024 Kawasaki Motors Corp., U.S.A. Specifications subject to change. Visit Kawasaki.com for full product details. Payload Capacity 1,574 lb Seating Capacity 3-person (1-row), 6-person (2-row) Lighting (2) Halogen headlights *Curb weight includes all necessary materials and fluids to operate correctly, full tank of fuel (more than 90 percent capacity) and tool kit (if supplied). All MULE™ PRO Series side x side's Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) meets the performance requirements of ISO 3471. KAWASAKI CARES: Read Owner's Manual and all on-product warnings. Always wear protective gear appropriate for the use of this vehicle. Never operate under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Protec environment. The Kawasaki MULE™ side x side is an off- highway vehicle only, and is not designed, equipped or manufactured for use on public streets, roads or highways. Obey the laws and regulatio control the use of your vehicle. ©2024 Kawasaki Motors Corp., U.S.A. Specifications subject to change. Visit Kawasaki.com for full product details. 42.7 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (3-person) / 22.0 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (6-person) 1,574 lb 2,000 lb 133.3 in 1,574 lb 64.0 in (2) Halogen headlights 42.7 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (3-person) / 22.0 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (6-person) 64.0 in 92.3 in KAWASAKI CARES: Read Owner's Manual and all on-product warnings. Always wear protective gear appropriate for the use of this vehicle. Never operate under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Protec environment. The Kawasaki MULE™ side x side is an off- highway vehicle only, and is not designed, equipped or manufactured for use on public streets, roads or highways. Obey the laws and regulatio control the use of your vehicle. ©2024 Kawasaki Motors Corp., U.S.A. Specifications subject to change. Visit Kawasaki.com for full product details. Lighting Payload Capacity (2) Halogen headlights 1,574 lb Seating Capacity 3-person (1-row), 6-person (2-row) *Available on the purchase or lease of an eligible new 2024/2025/2026 model year Ford Maverick, Ranger, F-150, Super Duty or F-150 Lightning. Not available on any other Ford or Lincoln vehicles, including F-150 Raptor® and Ranger Raptor. Vehicle eligibility may change at any time. Available to U.S. residents only. Place a new retail order or take new retail delivery from an authorized Ford Dealer’s stock by 1/5/26. Limit of five purchases or leases per household during the program offer (PGM# 32524). Offer subject to dealer participation. May not be used/combined with most other Ford private offers. See an authorized Ford Dealer, or go to FordRecognizesU.com, for complete details and eligibility (PGM# 32524). Due to high demand and global supply chain constraints, some models, trims, and features may not be available or may be subject to change. Check with your local dealer for current information. Offer subject to confirmation of eligibility. 133.3 in 1,971.3 lb* 2,000 lb 3-person (1-row), 6-person (2-row) Overall Width Payload Capacity Cargo Bed Dimensions (LxWxH) Overall Height Seating Capacity Curb Weight Towing Capacity Cargo Bed Load Capacity Cargo Bed Load Capacity Park Brake Type Fuel Capacity Turning Radius 79.5 in *Curb weight includes all necessary materials and fluids to operate correctly, full tank of fuel (more than 90 percent capacity) and tool kit (if supplied). All MULE™ PRO Series side x side's Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) meets the performance requirements of ISO 3471. Dual disc, 1-piston caliper Color Choices 42.7 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (3-person) / 22.0 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (6-person) 999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person) 3-person (1-row), 6-person (2-row) 999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person) 26 x 11-12 Dual disc, 2-piston caliper Dual disc, 1-piston caliper Independent, mechanical disc Additional Features Roof, Horn, Universal Key, High Visibility Orange Seatb Color Choices 7.9 gal 16.0 ft

993cc 23.5:1

Cargo Bed Load Capacity Seating Capacity Ground Clearance MODESTO KAWASAKI OF MODESTO 209-529-5424 www.hkmodesto.com Payload Capacity 10.2 in Turning Radius Front Brakes Ground Clearance 16.0 ft Cargo Bed Dimensions (LxWxH) Rear Brakes 10.2 in

Maximum Torque Fuel System POWER Engine Bore x Stroke Transmission Fuel System Engine Braking Alternator Output (max) Transmission Bore x Stroke POWER Engine Displacement

*Curb weight includes all necessary materials and fluids to operate correctly, full tank of fuel (more than 90 percent capacity) and tool kit (if supplied). All MULE™ PRO Series side x side's Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) meets the performance requirements of ISO 3471. KAWASAKI CARES: Read Owner's Manual and all on-product warnings. Always wear protective gear appropriate for the use of this vehicle. Never operate under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Protect the environment. The Kawasaki MULE™ side x side is an off- highway vehicle only, and is not designed, equipped or manufactured for use on public streets, roads or highways. Obey the laws and regulations that control the use of your vehicle. ©2024 Kawasaki Motors Corp., U.S.A. Specifications subject to change. Visit Kawasaki.com for full product details. Turning Radius 16.0 ft Cargo Bed Dimensions (LxWxH) Selectable 2WD/4WD, shaft. Dual mode rear differential with differential lock *Curb weight includes all necessary materials and fluids to operate correctly, full tank of fuel (more than 90 percent capacity) and tool kit (if supplied). All MULE™ PRO Series side x side's Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) meets the performance requirements of ISO 3471. KAWASAKI CARES: Read Owner's Manual and all on-product warnings. Always wear protective gear appropriate for the use of this vehicle. Never operate under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Protect the environment. The Kawasaki MULE™ side x side is an off- highway vehicle only, and is not designed, equipped or manufactured for use on public streets, roads or highways. Obey the laws and regulations that control the use of your vehicle. ©2024 Kawasaki Motors Corp., U.S.A. Specifications subject to change. Visit Kawasaki.com for full product details. Ground Clearance Turning Radius FRESNO CLAWSON MOTORSPORTS 559-435-5020 www.clawsonmotorsports.com 10.2 in 16.0 ft Fuel Capacity Cargo Bed Dimensions (LxWxH) 55 amp 74.0 x 77.0mm 23.5:1 7.9 gal Payload Capacity Towing Capacity 26 x 9-12 *Curb weight includes all necessary materials and fluids to operate correctly, full tank of fuel (more than 90 percent capacity) and tool kit (if supplied). All MULE™ PRO Series side x side's Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) meets the performance requirements of ISO 3471. KAWASAKI CARES: Read Owner's Manual and all on-product warnings. Always wear protective gear appropriate for the use of this vehicle. Never operate under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Protect the environment. The Kawasaki MULE™ side x side is an off- highway vehicle only, and is not designed, equipped or manufactured for use on public streets, roads or highways. Obey the laws and regulations that control the use of your vehicle. ©2024 Kawasaki Motors Corp., U.S.A. Specifications subject to change. Visit Kawasaki.com for full product details. 1,574 lb 2,000 lb 7.9 gal Seating Capacity Lighting Cargo Bed Load Capacity *Curb weight includes all necessary materials and fluids to operate correctly, full tank of fuel (more than 90 percent capacity) and tool kit (if supplied). All MULE™ PRO Series side x side's Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) meets the performance requirements of ISO 3471. KAWASAKI CARES: Read Owner's Manual and all on-product warnings. Always wear protective gear appropriate for the use of this vehicle. Never operate under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Protect the environment. The Kawasaki MULE™ side x side is an off- highway vehicle only, and is not designed, equipped or manufactured for use on public streets, roads or highways. Obey the laws and regulations that control the use of your vehicle. ©2024 Kawasaki Motors Corp., U.S.A. Specifications subject to change. Visit Kawasaki.com for full product details. Cargo Bed Load Capacity Payload Capacity Fuel Capacity Yes Cargo Bed Load Capacity Double wishbone/8.7 in Cargo Bed Dimensions (LxWxH) 55 amp Fuel Capacity Towing Capacity 26 x 9-12 DETAILS Cargo Bed Dimensions (LxWxH) Payload Capacity 2,000 lb 1,574 lb 38.3 lb-ft @ 2,400 rpm Bosch in-line injection pump 74.0 x 77.0mm Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) with (H,L,N,R) Selectable 2WD/4WD, shaft. Dual mode rear differential with differential lock 23.5:1 993cc 7.9 gal 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, OHV, liquid-cooled, diesel Compression Ratio Final Drive Bosch in-line injection pump 38.3 lb-ft @ 2,400 rpm Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) with (H,L,N,R) 4-stroke, 3-cylinder, OHV, liquid-cooled, diesel Final Drive Compression Ratio Engine Braking CAPABILITY Front Suspension / Wheel Travel Alternator Output (max) Transmission Maximum Torque Fuel System Displacement CAPABILITY Front Suspension / Wheel Travel Rear Suspension / Wheel Travel CAPABILITY Front Suspension / Wheel Travel Front Tires Alternator Output (max) Rear Suspension / Wheel Travel Engine Braking Fuel System Front Tires Alternator Output (max) Steering Engine Braking Final Drive Compression Ratio 55 amp Double wishbone/8.7 in Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) with (H,L,N,R) 74.0 x 77.0mm Selectable 2WD/4WD, shaft. Dual mode rear differential with differential lock 23.5:1 Double wishbone/8.5 in (L)/8.7 in (R) Electric Power Steering (EPS), Tilt steering Yes 26 x 11-12 Dual disc, 1-piston caliper Double wishbone/8.7 in Dual disc, 2-piston caliper 55 amp Ground Clearance 10.2 in Fuel Capacity 1,574 lb 7.9 gal 16.0 ft 10.2 in Seating Capacity Turning Radius Yes Ground Clearance Yes Double wishbone/8.5 in (L)/8.7 in (R) Bosch in-line injection pump 26 x 11-12 Selectable 2WD/4WD, shaft. Dual mode rear differential with differential lock Ground Clearance 10.2 in Maximum Torque Bosch in-line injection pump 38.3 lb-ft @ 2,400 rpm Turning Radius 16.0 ft 993cc Bore x Stroke Transmission Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) with (H,L,N,R)

d-cooled, diesel

Scan with camera to view videos, key features and more. Lighting DETAILS Overall Length Scan with camera to view videos, key features and more. Towing Capacity DETAILS Overall Length Overall Width Wheelbase Scan with camera to view videos, key features and more. Overall Height Instruments DETAILS Overall Length Curb Weight Towing Capacity Wheelbase Overall Width Scan with camera to view videos, key features and more. Instruments Overall Height DETAILS Overall Length Additional Features Color Choices Curb Weight Lighting

42.7 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (3-person) / 22.0 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (6-person)

d-cooled, diesel

999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person)

42.7 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (3-person) / 22.0 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (6-person)

d-cooled, diesel

999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person) 3-person (1-row), 6-person (2-row)

79.5 in Multi-function display includes digital speedometer, fuel gauge, odometer, hour meter, clock, dual trip meters, 2WD/4WD indicator, water temperature warning indicator, oil pressure warning indicator, glow plug indicator, CVT and EPS warning indicators, neutral, reverse and parking indicators, seatbelt reminder lamps 1,971.3 lb* 133.3 in 2,000 lb 92.3 in 64.0 in Multi-function display includes digital speedometer, fuel gauge, odometer, hour meter, clock, dual trip meters, 2WD/4WD indicator, water temperature warning indicator, oil pressure warning indicator, glow plug indicator, CVT and EPS warning Roof, Horn, Universal Key, High Visibility Orange Seatbelts Bright White 79.5 in 1,971.3 lb* 133.3 in (2) Halogen headlights

42.7 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (3-person) / 22.0 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (6-person)

ssion (CVT) with (H,L,N,R) al mode rear differential with Rear Tires d-cooled, diesel Final Drive

May 21, 2025 Ag Alert 11

Ford Super Duty

3-person (1-row), 6-person (2-row) (2) Halogen headlights 999 lb (3-person) / 350 lb (6-person)

42.7 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (3-person) / 22.0 x 53.7 x 11.0 in (6-person)

ssion (CVT) with (H,L,N,R) al mode rear differential with Rear Tires Front Brakes Rear Brakes

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