Ag Alert is the newspaper of the California Farm Bureau Federation, reaching Farm Bureau agricultural and collegiate members. Agricultural members are owners and decision-makers on California farms and ranches. The California Farm Bureau Federation is a non-governmental, non-profit, voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to protect and promote agricultural interests throughout the state of California and to find solutions to the problems of the farm, the farm home and the rural community. Farm Bureau is California's largest farm organization, comprised of 53 county Farm Bureaus. Farm Bureau strives to protect and improve the ability of farmers and ranchers engaged in production agriculture to provide a reliable supply of food and fiber through responsible stewardship of California's resources.
Walnut sales prospects Marketers discuss how tomatch demand with growing supplies
2021World Ag Expo Online-only show features exhibitors, dozens of seminars
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www.cfbf.com • www.agalert.com JANUARY 27, 2021
Trees & Vines ® Dairy & Livestock ®
s p e c i a l r e p o r t s
ByChing Lee AsCaliforniafarmersweighdecisionson what toplantandhowmuch, lackof rainfall sofar thiswinterhas furthercloudeda2021 crop outlook already complicated bymar- ketuncertaintiescreatedby thepandemic. With current precipitation levels looking evendrier than the 2014-15 drought years, Kings County farmer BrianMedeiros said he’s alreadymaking decisions about what groundtofallow.Henotedthat ifhedoesnot receive surface-water deliveries andmust rely on groundwater all year, it becomes cost-prohibitive to growmany of the field crops that havebeencore tohisbusiness. “At this point, other than keeping the trees alive, I don’t know that there’s going to bemuch of anything else that we’re go- ing to do,”Medeiros said. Wintercropssuchaswheat thatnormally Farmers’ planting plans hinge on water, pandemic
See PLANS, Page 27
Seed growers cooperate to slow plant virus Syngenta agronomist Brandon Hunt describes machinery used to clean watermelon seeds after harvest in Sutter County. After detections of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus in Sutter County and elsewhere, a Clean Seed Agreement was drawn up, under which only cucurbit seeds certified to be free of the virus are to be planted. Cucurbit crops susceptible to the virus include watermelons, cucumbers and cantaloupes.
ByChristine Souza Despite pleas fromwinery owners and their representatives—one of whom de- scribed thewine sector as “an industry on thebrink”—statewater regulatorsadopted newregulations onwastewater discharge. The State Water Resources Control Board voted unanimously last week to adopt a general, statewide order for how winerywastewatermust beprocessedand discharged. Winery representatives said they consider the requirements excessive. More than2,000Californiawineries that applywinery processwater to land for irri- gation and soil amendment useswouldbe affectedbythenewregulation,whichwillbe implementedby regional water boards—a process that will beginafter the state board adopts a fee schedule for the statewide or- State water board imposes new rules on most wineries
ByKevinHecteman Therateofcucumbergreenmottlemosa- ic virus inSacramentoValley fields is low— andseedgrowersintendtoseethat theplant diseaseneverestablishes itself inCalifornia. The vi rus af fects cucurbi t crops such as cucumbers, watermelons and cantaloupes, and can lead to reduced yields and crop quality. Mottled leaves
could be a sign of the virus. DennisChoate,whoworksasavegetable seed productionmanager for Syngenta in North America, said the U.S. Department of Agriculture calls the virus a quarantine pest, “because it’s not supposed tobe here in the U.S.” He noted it appeared in a seed field inSutter County in2012. Following that first discovery, Choate
said, a handful of detections followed in the next few years. Then, in 2017, seven positive detections occurred in seed-pro- duction fields of triploid watermelon and cucumber in Colusa, Glenn, Sutter and Yolo counties, along with one potential find in squash in FresnoCounty. That jol ted seed companies and
See SEEDS, Page 24
n e w s p a p e r
Trees & Vines...............................9 Dairy & Livestock..................... 19 Ask Your PCA............................ 23 Classifieds........................... 29-31 Inside
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See RULES, Page 18
Collaborative projects help Sacramento River salmon
By ToddManley In the latterpart of 2020, various actions were implemented in the Sacramento Valley to promote salmon recovery that point positive as we begin 2021. Even
to define freshwater ecosystem budgets for salmon and other species. In addition to participating inmany of these collaborative efforts, state and fed- eral agencies made substantial financial investments in salmon recovery projects in the SacramentoValley. In October, the California Natural Resources Agency invested Proposition 68 funding in eight salmon recovery proj- ects in the region, toprovide vital Chinook salmonspawningandrearinghabitat, pro- mote juvenile salmon outmigration by re- movingbarriers, andreactivate floodplains toprovide foodandshelter for juvenile fish. The Bureau of Reclamation announced it would be investing an additional $40 million in grant funding for Sacramento Valleysalmonrecoveryprojects.These two awards will fund a portion of the salmon habitat and science work planned in the region for at least the next five years. Salmon are anadromous fish, spend- ing most of their life out in the ocean. Investments in habitat do not provide im- mediate results. At best, the impact of im- provements can bemeasured three years after juvenile fishmigrate to the ocean, in increased numbers of adult fish returning tospawn. Itwill takeseveralof thesereturns to determine if the efforts are contributing to a positive trend in salmonpopulations. All of these actions noware investments in the promise of a better future. It is en- couragingthat themanySacramentoValley SalmonRecoveryProgrampartnersarecon- tinuing to collaborateonefforts tohelp fish in the region, focusing on the time ahead and working today to develop habitat for generationsofChinook salmon tocome. (Todd Manley i s di rector of gov- ernment relat ions for the Northern California Water Association.)
during a pandem- ic, partners were working together on efforts to ad- vancescience to in- formsalmonrecov- ery decisions and tangible projects to improve habitat for fish. Voluntary part- n e r s h i p s we r e
Todd Manley
The South Cypress Island Side Channel Restoration Project provides salmon habitat on the Sacramento River near Redding—one of the regional projects intended to benefit the species.
formed or renewed to collaborate on ac- tions ranging from individual projects to comprehensive programs to prioritize work and support project implementa- tion. These partnerships included local landowners, water management entities, academic institutions, conservationorga- nizations, andstateand federal agencies— all working together on common objec- tives tohelpsalmonrecovery. Importantly, this work occurred throughout the valley, in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the region’s rivers, to benefit all Chinook salmon freshwater life-cycle stages. In December, the Sacramento River Forum, ChicoStateEnterprises, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, River Partners and Sacramento River Set t lement Contractors—which included the city of Redding,Glenn-Colusa IrrigationDistrict, Reclamation District 108, Reclamation District 787, Reclamation District 1004, ReclamationDistrict1500andtheTehama- Colusa Canal Authority—completed work on the most recent Sacramento River salmon recovery project. The South
Cypress Island Side Channel Restoration Projectprovides4.8acresofmuch-needed spawningand rearinghabitat in theupper reachof theSacramentoRiver. This area is of critical importance, because it is thepri- maryspawninghabitat for theendangered winter-runChinook salmon. In addition, the first phase of the Hallwood Side Channel and Floodplain Restoration Project, being implemented by the Yuba Water Agency, USFWS, cbec ecoengineering, SouthYubaRiverCitizens League, Cramer Fish Sciences, Teichert and Western Aggregates on the Yuba River is almost completed, and the River Partners’ Sacramento River Willow Bend Project Phase 1 is underway. Important studies on the ability to use farmfields togrowfoodfor juvenilesalmon reachedmilestones towardtheendof2020. The pilot project developed by the CaliforniaRiceCommission; Universityof California,Davis; andCalTrout togrowju- venilesalmononwinter-floodedrice fields
showed promising results on the survival of these fish as they migrated out to the ocean. And the Fish Food on Floodplain FarmFields study continued to show the potential value of growing food on the fields that can be delivered to the region’s rivers to feed juvenile fishmigratingdown- streamto the ocean. There also were activities regarding re-managed flows to benefit salmon in the region. In October, the Sacramento River Settlement Contractors and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation coordinated fall water flowoperations tobenefit spawning Chinook salmon. Dr. Sarah Yarnell and Dr. Robert Lusardi continued to refine their work to describe the importance of functional flows to the environment and the development of the California Environmental FlowsFramework todeter- mineecological flowcriteriaandguide the development of environmental flow rec- ommendations. The Northern California WaterAssociationalsoadvancedourwork
VOL. 48, NO. 4
January 27, 2021
AG ALERT ® weekly newspaper is an official publication of the CALIFORNIA FARM BUREAU
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Karen Olson- Director, Marketing and Communications Division Dave Kranz- Editor/Director, Publications and Media Relations Christine Souza- Assistant Editor Ching Lee- Assistant Editor Kevin Hecteman- Assistant Editor Karin Bakotich- Design Services Supervisor Jessica Cook- Graphic Artist Paula Erath- Graphic Artist Margaret Rodriguez- Operations/Production Manager Darla Quidachay- Production Assistant Chico Ochi- Administrative Supervisor GENERAL INFORMATION: (916) 561-5570 agalert@cfbf.com
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Board of Directors (District 1) Al Stehly; (2) Andy Wilson; (3) Terry Munz; (4) KevinMerrill; (5) Jenny Holtermann; (6) Joey Airoso; (7) Donny Rollin; (8) Richard Bianchi; (9) Tom Rogers; (10) JanGarrod; (11) JoeMartinez; (12) Paul Sanguinetti; (13) Ron Peterson; (14) Ken Mitchell ; (15) David Barhydt; (16) Garrett Driver; (17) Domenic Carinalli; (18) David Rosenthal; (19) TomStewart; (20) JimMorris; (21) Blake Alexandre; (Young Farmers & Ranchers Committee Chair) Lindsey Mebane. Advisory Members Ronnie Leimgruber, Chair, CFB Rural Health Department; Glenda Humiston, University of California Cooperative Extension. Letters to the editor: Send to agalert@cfbf.com or Ag Alert, Attn: Editor, 2600 River Plaza Drive, Sacramento, CA 95833. Include name, address, phone number, email address; 250-word limit.
Thanksgiving, Christmas; and with exceptions, by the Cal i fornia Farm Bureau, 2600 River Plaza Dr. , Sacramento CA 95833 (telephone: (916) 561-5570) . Periodicals postage paid at Sacramento, California. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to AG ALERT, 2600 River Plaza Dr., Sacramento, CA 95833. The California Farm Bureau does not assume responsibility for statements by advertisers or for products adver t ised in AG ALERT nor does the Federation assume responsibility for statements or expressions of opinion other than in editorials or in articles showing authorship by an officer, director, or employee of the California Farm Bureau Federation or its affiliates. No alcohol, tobacco or political ad-
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2 Ag Alert January 27, 2021
Adulterated imports dilute markets for domestic foods
associate professor in the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics. “Foodfraudisoftenmotivatedbyeconom- ic gain and can lead to food safety risk.” Emphasizing that the world food sup- ply is safer now than it has been at almost any point inhistory, Ehmke discussed the issue during a virtual webinar sponsored by University of California Cooperative Extension specialists in Agricultural and Resource Economics. Inproviding examples of different types of known food fraud—whichaffects prod- ucts suchashoney, oliveoil,wine, tea, rice
andmore—Ehmke said this is not a small issue, adding, “Organizedcrimenetworks have been turning to foodmore andmore as away to finance their activities.” Shesaid figures fromtheUnitedNations provideapicture “of theglobal cost of food fraudandhowit compares toother typesof organized crime and illegal activity.” In 2017, Ehmke said, the illegal trade in food fraudwas worth $40 trillion. “There was a higher value of food be- ing traded fraudulently than there was in
ByChristine Souza When the price of honey or extra-vir- gin olive oil seems too good to be true, it probably is. Researchers, producers and others say criminals fromacross theglobeareengag- ing in food fraud,whichputsCaliforniaag- ricultural producers at a disadvantage as adulteratedimportsof foodssuchashoney Report calls for greater accuracy of USDA estimates Weather-relatedcropdamagehascaused theU.S.DepartmentofAgriculturetomake significant changes in its crop estimates in recent years—leading to large swings in market prices. A Farm Bureau Working Group has now issued recommendations on howUSDA can improve accuracy and farmer confidence in its survey results. TheAmericanFarmBureauFederation released the findings lastweek, suggesting ways for the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service to collect data quickly and accurately. AFBF Economist ShelbyMyers said re- centchangesinNASScropestimatesleddel- egates to the 2020AFBF convention to rec- ommend creationof theworking group, to reviewand suggest improvements toNASS datacollectionandreportingmethods. The 10-member farmer working group held monthly meetings and conducted more than a dozen interviews with staff and leaders from government, trade as- sociations,market analysis firms and land grant universities, Myers said. “In the end,” she said, “the working groupdevelopeda seriesof recommenda- tions for the agency that focused on tech- nology improvements andbetter commu- nication fromthe agency.” The working group made four recom- mendations, Myers said, the first being increased transparency, “being more forthcoming about how information is collected, reviewed, auditedandreported.” The second Farm Bureau recommen- dation toNASS, she said,was toaccelerate adoptionof newand innovative technolo- gy, so theagency “hasaccess to thebest re- sources, information, data, software, talent and networks.” Myers said the working group also rec- ommended NASS increase collaboration with Farm Bureau to accomplish shared goals, and that theagencybestrengthened for the benefit of U.S. agriculture. “Ifwecan implement these recommen- dations, itwouldgoa longway toward im- proving thegreatworkalreadybeingdone by NASS and strengthen the agency’s po- sition,” she said. More information and the final report may be found on the AFBF Market Intel page: www.fb.org/market-intel.
and olive oil make their way onto grocery store shelves. “Food fraud occurs when there’s an illegal deception in the production and marketing of food for economic gain, so the food that the consumer is consum- ing isn’t what they think it is, and some- one is profiting from that deception,” said Mariah Ehmke, University of Wyoming
See FRAUD, Page 22
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January 27, 2021 Ag Alert 3
New administration seeks immigration legislation ByKevinHecteman
“We support the Farm Workforce Modernization Act, which passed the House of Representatives in late 2019,” Johansson said. That bipartisan bill laid out a process for seeking Certified Agricultural Worker
piece, wherewe reallyneed those reforms tomake theprogrameasier touse, eligible for all of agriculture.” With the Senate evenly split and a 10- seatmarginbetweenparties in theHouse, bipartisanship will be crucial, Crittenden
actual viable option for them.” H-2A streamlining was included in the 2019 FarmWorkforceModernization Act, whichsought toconsolidate the filingpro- cess throughanelectronicplatform, allow employers to fileonepetition for staggered startdates, providevisaholderswiththree- year visas and expand eligibility to year- round employers such as dairies, among other changes. “Immigration legislationmust first deal fairly with the existing farm workforce and their families, and it should ease the process for people who want to enter the UnitedStates legally towork on farms and ranches,” Johansson said. The U.S. Department of Labor an- nounced Jan. 20 that it was withdrawing a forthcomingfinal ruleconcerningtheH-2A program, releasedJan. 15inthefinaldaysof theTrumpadministration.That rulewould have converted the program to electronic filing and allowed for staggered entry on a single application, among other changes. Inanannouncement on itswebsite, the Department of Labor said it was pulling the rule “for the purpose of reviewing is- sues of law, fact and policy raised by the rule.” The department said more infor- mation would be forthcoming once the reviewwas complete. (Kevin Hecteman i s an ass i stant editor of Ag Alert. He may be contacted at khecteman@cfbf.com.)
Agricultural employees in the United States without authorization would get a path to citizenship under a propos- al the Biden administration intends to send to Congress. The U.S. Citizenship Act of 2021would open the door to eventual citizenship for undocumented immigrants who were living in the United States on or before Jan. 1, 2021. Under the bill—which had not been introduced in Congress as of our Ag Alert® deadline—undocumented agricultur- al employees who meet specific criteria would be eligible for green cards immedi- ately; after threeyears, all green-cardhold- erswhopassadditionalbackgroundchecks andcandemonstrateknowledgeofEnglish andU.S. civics could apply for citizenship. Under the legislation, people covered under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program and those holding Temporary Protected Status would also be eligible for immediate green cards. All others would need to apply for temporary legal status first, andcouldapply for green cards in five years if they pass background checks and pay their taxes. “TheCalifornia FarmBureauhas a long record of supporting immigration reform, andwe look forward toreviewing thepres- ident’s proposal,” FarmBureau President Jamie Johansson said.
“Immigration legislation must first deal fairly with the existing farm workforce and their families, and it should ease the process for people who want to enter the United States legally to work on farms and ranches.” —Jamie Johansson California Farm Bureau President
status for peoplewhohaveworkedat least 180days inagricultureduring theprevious twoyears, andofferedanopportunity for a green card to those willing to pay a $1,000 fine and work additional time in agricul- ture. Despite passing the House, the bill was never taken up in the Senate. Allison Crittenden, director of congres- sional relations at the American Farm Bureau, said she sees the president’s new proposal as amixed bag. “It addresses the current workforce by providing themwith green cards and then expedited citizenship,” she said, “but what it leaves out is that guestworker
noted, calling the U.S. Citizenship Act of 2021 “a starting point.” “I think it’s good that agriculturewasn’t left out of the bill entirely,” she said, “so at least there’s recognition that agriculture has needs within the immigration space.” Farm Bureau’s job now, she added, is “to help those in Congress understand how they can build on that starting point and work to address the big pic- ture, which is the current workforce,” but also address the H-2A agricultural visa program, “to make sure that those who use the guestworker program, those who will use it in the future, (that) it’s an
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As walnut supplies rise, marketers evaluate demand ByChristine Souza
Research has shown that consumers are more likely tomake apurchase after a rec- ommendation by someone they follow online, an influencer.” Thewalnut boardandcommissionalso invest in research tohelp farmers improve production practices, and to learn more about the health benefits of walnuts.
CALIFORNIA PUSH-PULL, INC. PUSH-PULL PULL ONLY CLUTCH & BRAKE CABLES CONTROL HEADS twist lock Jennifer Williams, CWB/CWCmarket- ing director for domestic advertising, said studies showup to 20%of U.S. restaurants closedin2020due toCOVID-19, andmany more continue to struggle. Another trend, she said, “is the move to e-commerce, as consumers were hes- itant to leave their homes—and now that they’ve tried it, many consumers indicate Despite food-service closures due to the pandemic, walnut marketers say they foresee rising demand to accommodate anticipated larger crops. “Over the past 10 years, the California walnut crophas grown significantly, from 460,000 tons to today’s estimated crop of 780,000 tons,” said Pamela Graviet, California Walnut Board/California Walnut Commission senior marketing director, during the virtual California Walnut Conference last week. “This growth has been driven by extensive plantings that have been taking place over the last seven years.” California’s walnut sector took a hit in sales from restaurant and other food-ser- vice closures due to COVID-19, but retail sales of walnuts increased, Graviet said during a “State of the Walnut Industry” presentation by CWB/CWC staff. “It shouldbenosurprise thatCOVIDhas impacted all markets around the globe, but retail has been a bright spot,” she said. “Sales of walnuts were strong initially due totheirhealthbenefits, longer shelf lifeand multiple uses. However, food service has been impacted with shutdowns, stay-at- home orders and limited tourism.”
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6 Ag Alert January 27, 2021
2021
Show News
World Ag Expo assumes new, virtual format for 2021 show
for exhibitors throughout 2021. “Each exhibitor has a microsite within the show to share information and hold live chats, alongwithmanyother options,” Fawkes said, adding that the sites can be updatedduring theyear. “Wewill haveon- line seminars, the Top 10 New Products Contest and more new content being re- leased throughout the year.” The California Farm Bureau is among exhibitors in the online show. The World AgExposaidexhibitorswill beaddingcon- tent to theirmicrosites through Feb. 5 and that attendees canpreviewtheplatformat bit.ly/WAE21Online. To have free access to all content, us- ers may register for a My Show Planner to save exhibitor lists, set reminders for events, download content, email exhib- itors andmore. First presented in 1968 as the California Field and Row Crop Equipment Show ALUS Behavior monitors lying time, with the intent tomake the changes required to improvecowcomfortandaddresslameness or other health issues proactively. Online space: bit.ly/WAE21-Cainthus or seewww. cainthus.com. •ORBIS900byCLAAS,Omaha,Nebraska. The newORBIS 900 is a row-independent forage harvester header with a working width of 30 feet. Despite its large size, the manufacturer said, a new, folding design allows the operator to fold and unfold it in
and presented at the Tulare County fair- grounds, the show became the California FarmEquipment Show the following year andmovedtotheInternationalAgri-Center in 1982. RenamedWorld Ag Expo in 2001, the live showhas drawn an estimated an- nual averageof 100,000 individuals from65 countries; its organizers describe it as “the largestannualagricultural showof itskind.” One feature the online World Ag Expo will carry over from the live show is its Exhibitor Guide. “Many of our attendees like to have a catalogue of the show to keep after World AgExpo isover,” International Agri-Center ShowManager Wally Roeben said. “It’s a great resource and we’re excited tomake it available nationwide.” Attendeesmay have anExhibitor Guide mailed to them by signing up at bit.ly/ WAE21Mail.Showorganizerssaidtheguide will alsobeavailablebeginning thisweekat NewHollanddealersthroughoutthenation.
The first onlineWorld Ag Expowill be a yearlongevent thatbeginsontheoriginally scheduled showdates, Feb. 9-11. The online expo will be offered free to attendees. Showorganizers saidliveevents and seminars will be presented online each day between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., with content remainingavailableondemandat no charge to attendees. Officialsat the InternationalAgri-Center in Tulare, which presents the show, an- nounced cancellation of the live event in mid-September due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and later decided to present a digital showas an alternative. Attendees can find information and register for theexpoatwww.worldagexpo.
com/attendees. “A digital show is not a replacement for a live event like World Ag Expo,” International Agri-Center CEOJerry Sinift said. “Ag is essential and so is our job as a trade show, to bring buyers and sellers to- gether. We’re just going to do it a little bit differently in 2021.” World Ag Expo organizers said they worked with an event and conference management software firm, Map Your Show, whichhas producedmore than120 digital tradeshows sincepandemic restric- tions began lastMarch. International Agri-Center Marketing Manager Jennifer Fawkes said the World Ag Expowill maintain an online presence
Top 10 New Products emphasize ag-tech solutions Winners of theWorldAg Expo 2021 Top 10 New Products Competition focus pri- marilyontechnologysolutionsandequip- ment upgrades. field in real time, all integrated into the AgCode farmmanagement software sys- tem. Online space: bit.ly/WAE21-AgCode or seewww.agcode.com.
22 seconds. Online space: bit.ly/WAE21- CLAASor seewww.claasofamerica.com. • RotaryMATE EXPSplus by Green SourceAutomationLLC, Ceres. Theman- ufacturerdescribed theproduct as the first rotary dairy robot to automate multiple tasks intheparlor, includingcleaning, sani- tizing, stimulatingandwiping teats.Online space: bit.ly/WAE21-GreenSourceAutoor seewww.greensourceautomation.com.
Thewinning productswere selectedby a panel of farmers, ranchers and agricul- tural professionals, fromamong products submitted for the contest by World Ag Expo exhibitors. The Top 10 New Products will be fea- tured during the online expo, Feb. 9-11, which is available for free registration at bit.ly/WAE21Online. Alongwithbeing listedon theWorldAg Expowebsite, showorganizers saidmanu- facturersof thewinningproductswill have theopportunity topresent anonline semi- nar about the newproduct. The contest is sponsored by Bank of America.MarkRiley,BankofAmericapres- ident for the Fresno/Visalia market, said agricultural innovationrepresentedby the contest “can be transformational for local farmers, especiallyas theypivot andadjust operations as a result of the pandemic.” The 2021 Top 10NewProducts include: • Pro 5 Series 125 & 155 models by Ace Pump Corp., Memphis, Tennessee. Ace Pump introduced the new Pro 5 Series pumps, releasing the 125 and 155models withadvancedfeatures toimprovereliabili- tyandpreventcostlydowntime.Themanu- facturersaidthepumps featuresevere-duty silicon carbide seals or Ace Pump’s exclu- siveOasisWetSeal Technology, which iso- lates the seals fromabrasive and corrosive materials and prevents run-dry failure. Formoreabout theproduct, visit itsonline space:bit.ly/WAE21-AcePumporseewww. acepumps.com. • AgCode Passive by AgCode Inc., Glenwood, Minnesota. AgCode Passive is aGPS-powereddata collection tool that its manufacturer said provides growers detailed insights and unrivaled accura- cy on task and equipment activity in the
• ALUS Behavior by Cainthus, Dublin, Ireland. Using computer vision and artifi- cial intelligence, ALUS Behaviormonitors howa dairy herd behaves in the pen, 24/7, toprovideacompletebehavioranalysis.The manufacturer said its goal is toensurecows displayoptimalbehavioralpatterns tomax- imizemilkproductionandanimal welfare.
See TOP, Page 24
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January 27, 2021 Ag Alert 7
Windstorms cause damage in avocado, citrus groves ByKevinHecteman
moresecond-grade fruit,more third-grade fruit as a percentage than normal.” That means lower prices for farmers already buffeted by the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on food service. “Therewill be somedrop, but thebigger damage is the cosmeticquality, because it beats the fruit aroundandcauses scarring,” Miller said. “If it’s a small amount, we might be able to sell them as third grade,” he said. “But if they’re beyond that, then we have to put them into byproducts, which is not the best—that doesn’t make us much. It doesn’tmake us anymoney, actually.” Miller saidsometimes thepackinghouse will see “fresh injuries,” inwhich the lem- ons are scraped enough to penetrate the albedo, the white layer between the sur- TheCaliforniaCanningPeachAssociation expressed optimism after President Joe Biden signed an executive order intended to strengthen federal Buy Americanpolicy andmandatethattaxpayerfundsbespentto purchaseU.S. productsgrownbyAmerican farmersandsupportAmerican jobs. “WeapplaudPresidentBiden’scommit- ment to the Buy American requirement and look forward to working with U.S.
face and the fruit. “When it penetrates the surface of the fruit into that albedo, then it breaks down the protective barrier that the citrus fruit has on keeping things out,” he said. “As it sitson the tree, then it’s very likely that that will heal over. If it does, then it becomes a scar, which becomes a cosmetic issue.” Inmost cases, the best course of action is to leave the fruit on the tree to heal, Miller said. “When we get it here at the packing- house, it’s been healed over, and then we can judge how badly damaged it is as to whetherwe can try to sell it, orwhetherwe need to go to products with it,” he said. More severe weather was predicted for thisweek.Melban said significant rain is in theforecastforVenturaCounty,whichcould DepartmentofAgricultureofficials regard- ing implementation,”CCPAPresident and CEORichHudgins said. The executiveorder, issuedMonday, di- rects agencies toutilize theManufacturing ExtensionPartnershiptohelpconnectwith newdomestic suppliers that can produce and supply the products they need, and establishes a transparent process where all waiver requests to the Buy American
furtheraffecttheupcomingavocadoseason. “Depending on how spread out that rainfall is, that could really be another factor,” he said. “If it’s spread out, that’ll be great. If it’s an outright downpour, that could have some impacts, too.” InSanDiegoCounty, avocadoandcitrus growers reportedlosses fromdroppedfruit anddamagedtrees, andsomenurseriesre- porteddamage togreenhousesandplants, according to the SanDiego County Office of Agriculture, Weights andMeasures. EnricoFerro, president of theSanDiego County Farm Bureau, said some avoca- do growers had reported fruit drop of as much as 20%.
Highwinds along the hills and coasts of SouthernCalifornia left avocadoandcitrus farmers tallying damage—and watching the forecast for a potential repeat. “Wedefinitelyknowsomeofourgrowers gothitprettygood”bylastweek’swinds,said KenMelban, vice president of industry af- fairsat theCaliforniaAvocadoCommission. “We’restill tryingtoground-truththingsand get a real feel forwhat theoverall impact is.” John Krist, chief executive of the Farm Bureau of Ventura County, said avocado growersinhisregionhadreportedfruit-drop ratesof 25-50%, dependingon location. “I can report that the winds knocked an awful lot of fruit off the trees,” Krist said. “This was among the worst wind events I can remember ever occurring at this time of year: gustsof 40mph-plus acrossmost of thecounty. Ican’tquantifyityet,butI’msure thedamageand the losseswereextensive.” Winds of asmuchas 46mph, withgusts to 59 mph, were recorded in Camarillo on Jan. 19, according to the National Weather Service. Glenn Miller, president of the Saticoy LemonAssociation inVentura, singledout that day as oneof theworst he’s seen inhis years in the packing business. Though it’s early yet to know the extent of the damage, he said, he’s been inform- ing customers that “there’s going to be
(Kevin Hecteman i s an ass i stant editor of Ag Alert. He may be contacted at khecteman@cfbf.com.) Peach growers welcome Buy American order
requirements are published on a website, to allowU.S. bidders to viewand respond. A Buy American requirement for direct school food purchases has been a part of federal law since 1988, but Hudgins said currentUSDAregulationsallowindividual school districts topurchase imported food products if they believe there is a signifi- cant cost differential between domestic and imported food products.
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8 Ag Alert January 27, 2021
A SPECIAL GROWERS’ REPORT OF AG ALERT ® C A L I F O R N I A Trees & Vines ® Prune growers protect trees from two forms of canker
ByKathyCoatney Prune cankers, both fungal and bacterial, are prob- lematic for farmers. Fungal cankers can be spotted in the spring and sum- mer with flagging branches. Hot temperatures push can- ker growth, and devastating impacts can be seen at the end of the season, according to LukeMilliron, University of California Cooperative Extension orchard systems advisor for Butte County. Of the fungal cankers, Milliron said, Cytospora is the biggest concern in prunes. Bacterial canker is associated more with cold, ear- ly-season conditions and are muchmore site specific— potentially with orchards that have ring nematodes or hardpan soils, he said. Farmers are generally aware if they have “bac canker ground” and will have a history of the disease, he said, whereas other growers will never see it. “Bacterial cankers are much more site specific,” Milliron said. He stressed that a major difference between fungal and bacterial cankers is that bacterial cankers will be worse in years with warmbloom conditions. “When it’s bad, it’s really bad, especially on those sites that can get bacterial canker. You can have devastating impacts; you can lose trees,” Milliron said. Cytospora (fungal canker) is a perennial canker, and it can grow year after year, which makes it a continual problem for growers, he said. Even if there aren’t new infections this year, farmerswill still have todeal with the old infections that are potentially spreading, he added. As a bark canker, Cytospora kills the bark. It is in a majority, if not nearly every mature prune orchard, Milliron said. Pruningwounds areapotential entrance forCytospora into the tree, so the disease could be coming in from the outside of the canopy and moving inward over time, he said, adding that there’s no curative—once it’s in the tree, there’s really no stopping it, other than pruning it out. Young trees are at extremely high risk, Milliron said, especially when making first training cuts around the trunk. Infection can be devastating, he said, because it can’t be pruned out because the tree is so small. For this reason, interplanting is a major concern. Although Milliron doesn’t see much interplanting in his area, he cautions farmers against the practice. “I see it more in Sutter/Yuba counties where there’s old prune blocks. Folks have realized, ‘Oh, these trees are just spaced toowidely. I know I need to capturemore sunlight,’” Milliron said, adding the more sunlight cap- tured with the canopy, the more fruit that is produced. “The problem there is that if you decide, ‘OK, I’m going to plant on the diamond or just in the middle of these two trees because they’re so widely spaced,’ all of the sudden you’re planting this susceptible tree where you have to make all these cuts to train these
Hedging of prune trees provides what a farm advisor calls “zillions of entry points” for spores that can cause prune canker. Immediate removal of brush and the use of fungicide can help protect the trees.
See PRUNES, Page 10
January 27, 2021 Ag Alert 9
Prunes Continued from Page 9
more risk of rain-splashed spores be- cause of the additional time it takes to hand-prune. Because mechanical hedging and topping are much faster than hand pruning, the brush can be removed im- mediately and allow for an application of Topsin M, a protective fungicide that he said helps prevent the infection of spores during rain. Cytospora is really spread by water splash, and spreading the spores is the main concern, Milliron stressed. Cytospora is also on the orchard floor, and there’s concern that these micro- droplets could splash up into the lower canopy. Because of this, he recommends removing and burning the brush if possi- ble, to prevent any spread. Milliron also advised sterilizing hedg- ing and topping equipment between or- chard blocks, especially because there are several fungal cankers to which prunes are susceptible. With low prices for prunes, labor costs continually increasing and limited em- ployee availability, Milliron said many large growers in his area are looking at mechanical hedging and topping instead of hand pruning. Milliron said he is involved in a study looking at the effect of mechanical hedging and topping. The research has been going on about two years with dif- ferent hedging and topping times and treatments. There is also a hand prun- ing treatment. So far, he said, there hasn’t been any Cytospora in the research blocks, but it is a young block, and he said it’s ex- pected they will see the disease in the next few years. (Kathy Coatne y i s a repor t e r in Bend, Oregon. She may be contacted at kacoatney@gmail.com.)
young interplants, and you know there’s Cytospora present,” he said. “There’s Cytospora in nearly every mature orchard, so the chance that that tree will get infected from Cytospora and not live tomaturity is high,”Milliron said, which is why he suggests farmers consider replanting the entire orchard instead of interplanting. Most wounds come from pruning— topping, hedging—or harvesting. “It could be coming in certainly from sunburn, oil burn, and from potassium deficiency, too,” Milliron said. Prunes are a potassium-hungry crop, so a potassiumdeficiency is something to watch for, he said. Preventing prune trees frombecoming potassium-deficient is in the same category as water deficiency, he added. “Water deficiency inprunes is definite- ly tied to potentially more Cytospora,” Milliron said. “If you have severe potas- siumor water deficiency, Cytospora that is already present will just spread like wildfire. The cankers will literally move faster in their growth.” Shaker thinning in the spring is anoth- er potential source, he said, but it hasn’t been studied yet. “Whether those tiny, little abrasions and the removal of the fruit, if followed soon after by rainfall, is an important
Prune cankers have been removed from this branch. Prune trees can be susceptible to both fungal and bacterial cankers.
entry for Cytospora, is unresearched,” Milliron said, “but pruning wounds are probably the No. 1 injury.” There are pros and cons to mechan- ical hedging and topping versus hand
pruning, he said. “With hedging and topping, making these mechanical cuts, you’re just mak- ing zillions of cuts across the orchard, so youhave zillions of entry points,”Milliron said. “At the same time, thosewounds are often relatively small, so they heal faster than a large cut would.” Abig advantage tomechanical hedging and pruning compared to hand pruning, he said, is the ability tomove through the orchard faster. “It’s harder to protect the wounds if you’re hand pruning, because you’re moving across the blockwithhand crews over time,” Milliron said, adding there is
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10 Ag Alert January 27, 2021
Wineries may face shortages of both trucks and truckers
Shereferredtowebinars focusedonhow to recruitwomen tobecome truckdrivers. “We have to figure out a whole different populationof people toattract to trucking,” Sams said. She said “Uberization” has come to the trucking industry, aswell,meaningadriver can lookat adriverboard toseewhat loads areavailable for them, pickupthe loadand deliver it.Whenit isdelivered, themoney is transferred into the driver’s account. Sams said Tesla is already testing driv- erless trucks. The federal government has not yet
decided how to regulate them. Among questions: Can they only be operated in driverless mode on the highway? Should driverless trucks be allowed at night? The price tag for a driverless truck is about $300,000,whichSams saidwouldbe a big impediment for those in agriculture, whowouldnot find it economicallyviable. In addition, she said driverless trucks are guidedbypaint on theground, something not found on rural roads. (Denni s Pol lock i s a repor t er in F r e s no . He ma y b e c on t a c t e d a t agcompollock@yahoo.com.)
ByDennis Pollock An army of truckers transports wine- grapes on California highways, about 7 millionmiles inaseasonand170,000 loads of them,whichmakes truckingakeypiece of the farm-to-winery picture. Du r i n g a S a n J o a q u i n Va l l e y WinegrowersAssociationwebinar,Yvonne Sams, senior director for California logis- ticswithG3Enterprises inModesto, tooka hard look atwhat the future couldhold for the trucking industry. She talked of the aging of truckers, a scarcityof people looking toget into truck- ing and the prospect for driverless trucks moving all those grapes. On peak days, she said, there can be as many as 3,100 loads that are hauled in the 16 weeks of harvest—and those truckers have the company of others transporting produce from25million acres of all farm- ing commodities totaling 131.1 million tons over 142millionmiles. Sams said that under new 2021 regula- tions, truck engines from2000 to 2004will be retired. “Those engines will leave the market andby2023, allolderengines through2009 will leave themarket,” she said, “and only 2010 and newer engines will be allowed on the road.” She saidmost of the older engines tend to be used in agriculture. Sams said she expects “aphysical short- age of trucks for our harvest.” Older engines can be operated if fitted with a particulate-matter filter, but Sams said older engines were not designed to havesuchfilters. Sheshowedaphotograph of a truck that burst into flames and was destroyedwithin 10minutes, because the filter caused the engine to run hotter. She said California’s rules on truck drivers’ “hours of service”—including the number of hours spent driving or off duty—are not as stringent as those set by the federal government. She saidelectron- ic logs fitted to engines monitor all hours and slow the engine to about 5 miles per hour whenmaximums are reached. She said it’s unclear whether California will adopt the federal guidelines. Another 2021 regulation results from Assembly Bill 5, which has to do with pri- vate contractors becoming employees. “Right now, from the trucking perspec- tive, this regulation is in litigation,” Sams said. “There is a hold on this regulation, thank goodness, and we’re working very closely with the California Trucking Association, which says over 70,000 driv- ers could lose their ability to contract and need to become employees.” She cited the “start-stop” nature of the grape supply chain and said one area of efficiency is the use of “drops”: dropping off trailers with the processor and leaving with the truck to pick up another trailer, rather thanwaiting. “It allows your vineyard to continue to process, it allows your truckers to contin- ue to move and allows your processor to continue amuch longer run,” Sams said.
She said the state’s drivers are aging, “and we don’t have this younger genera- tion coming in to replace drivers.” “That’s a challenge for us,” Sams said. “We’ve got to figure out how to make it a more attractivebusiness or figureout how to do something different, so the drivers wehave canmovemore loads in the same number of hours of service.”
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January 27, 2021 Ag Alert 11
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