Ag Alert is the newspaper of the California Farm Bureau Federation, reaching Farm Bureau agricultural and collegiate members. Agricultural members are owners and decision-makers on California farms and ranches. The California Farm Bureau Federation is a non-governmental, non-profit, voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to protect and promote agricultural interests throughout the state of California and to find solutions to the problems of the farm, the farm home and the rural community. Farm Bureau is California's largest farm organization, comprised of 53 county Farm Bureaus. Farm Bureau strives to protect and improve the ability of farmers and ranchers engaged in production agriculture to provide a reliable supply of food and fiber through responsible stewardship of California's resources.
State legislative session Agricultural advocates discuss key bills for farmers, ranchers
Beneficial birds Study evaluates their ability to reduce codling moth larvae
Page 4 THE WEEKLY NEWSPAPER FOR CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE Ag Alert ®
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www.cfbf.com • www.agalert.com SEPTEMBER 9, 2020
Trees & Vines ®
s p e c i a l r e p o r t
ByChing Lee Recent wildfires have burned some of the state’s educational and researchprop- erties,withuniversity staff andofficials still assessing lossesandhowtomove forward. An educational and research ranch managedbyCal Poly SanLuisObispowas perhaps the most notable college prop- erty to be hit, and wildfires also burned six reserves in the University of California Natural Reserve System. The Cal Poly Swanton Pacific Ranch in SantaCruzCounty suffereddestruction to much of its property and structures when the CZU Lightning Complex fires swept throughpartsof SantaCruzandSanMateo counties lastmonth. The 3,200-acreworking ranch is known for its forestryactivities, grass-fedbeef pro- gram and organic crop production. As of lastweek, access to the ranchremainedre- stricteddue toongoing spot fires, downed power lines and sinkholes, university spokeswomanHaleyMarconett said.Afull assessment of thedamage, sheadded,will takeweeks, perhaps evenmonths. Though cleanup has started, “it could take years for us to resume the level of pro- duction that we were at with some of our operations,” saidBrianDietterick, director of the ranch. The historic research property was do- nated to thecollege in1993by lateCal Poly alumnus and Orchard Supply Hardware founder Al Smith, who wanted the site maintained exclusively for agricultural, recreational and educational purposes. Seven of the ranch’s nine houses, used byuniversity staff, students, guest instruc- tors and other visitors, “burned to the ground,”Diettericksaid.The infrastructure on the sites is beingassessed todetermine if they could be occupied with temporary housingandwhether permanent facilities could be rebuilt at those locations. In addition, two classrooms, alongwith computers and infrastructure that provid- See FIRES, Page 18 University farm, research facilities suffer fire damage
Winegrape growers face unusual season Tractor drivers guide a mechanical harvester, right, and a gondola through a zinfandel vineyard near Lodi. Winegrape grower John Shinn says he had to leave grapes on the vine last year because of an oversupply on the market, but this year his zinfandel crop has a buyer. One statewide estimate foresees about 4 million tons of winegrapes this year.
ByKevinHecteman The 2020 vintage has begunmaking its way to the crusher, navigating a thicket of extreme heat, wildfire smoke, memo- ries of last year’s winegrape glut—plus a pandemic. InSan JoaquinCounty, sixth-generation farmer John Shinn said the oversupply of grapes came down to three factors: vine- yards capable of producing 10 to 15 tons
per acre; wine sales ranging fromflat to 2% growth before the pandemic; and cheaper importsthankstoastrongdollarandweaker foreigncurrency.Theoversupplyforcedhim to forgoharvesting someof his 2019crop. “Last year,wehad toactuallyhangsome grapes, and just about every other grower in the Lodi area I talked to last year had to hang anything from 10 tons to several thousand tons of grapes,” Shinn said.
As sundownnearedonenight last week, Shinn’screwventuredintoazinfandelvine- yardwithamechanicalharvester, prepared towork into theearlyhoursof themorning. “These grapes that we’re picking to- night are actually going into a white-zin program,” Shinn said. “I was just happy as all get out to get themsold this year, sowe
See GRAPES, Page 10
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California must enhance investment in local fairs
County and district fairgrounds serve a number of functions for local communi- ties, including as emergency evacuation centers for farm animals. Livestock pens donated last year by the California Bountiful Foundation, left, have been deployed for wildfire evacuations this summer.
ByKevinCann The current spate of wildfires high- lights the utility of one of California’smost under-appreciated assets: our system of county fairs. Now, you may be thinking, what does the state have to do with county
fairs? More than 1 4 0 y e a r s a g o , California began organizing what i s known today as the Network of California Fairs, consist ing of 79 fairs that operate under a variety of governance struc- tures, including
Kevin Cann
52 active state institutions known as District Agricultural Associations. The day-to-day operations of the facilities fall under the jurisdiction of the California Department of Food and Agriculture. Fairground facilities provide more than cotton candy, corn dogs and Ferris wheel rides: They are emergency oper- ations centers; temporary housing for people who have been evacuated and/ or lost their homes; secure housing for horses, livestock and other animals during emergencies; and, most impor- tantly, a staging facility for firefighting crews and equipment. Like somuchwe take for granted in the Golden State, fairground facilities have not had sustaining investment for years, sometimes decades. Sadly, there are no plans to do so. Infact, thestateisseekingtoshutdownor otherwise disinvest fromthem, evenwhile utilizing these spaces to protect the health andwelfare of firefighting crews doing bat-
Photo/Kevin Hecteman
tle in the current, disastrous fire season. The governormust domore topreserve these critical state facilities, but insteadhe is askingCDFAtobegin theprocessof “off- loading” these critical community assets. In some respects, this is the natural cul- mination of years of state disinterest in maintaining the facilities and the people who depend on them. In fact, state fund- inghas been largely eliminatedandCDFA staff involvement in providing oversight has also been significantly reduced. Fairs responded to these reductions by defer- ring neededmaintenance and with a de- bilitating atrophying of critical, commu- nity-based facilities. I t i s impor tant to note that the Legislature in2017 recognized thedistress fairs were experiencing and provided an opportunity for them to receive a portion
of the proceeds from sales taxes collect- ed at fair events. Though this funding has been collected for a couple of years, it is unforgivable that these funds have not been released to the fairs. Insteadof push- ing out these sales tax dollars as quickly as possible, CDFAhasput inplaceacumber- some process by which a fair must jump over hurdles to obtain thesemonies. Similar to so many enterprises, with the onslaught of COVID-19, fairs have had to cancel events. Collectively, fairs lost approximately $98 million through June, even while still having to perform as COVID surge and evacuation cen- ters, as has been the case in my own Mariposa County. The state, meanwhile, is pushing the burdenof identifyingnewfair governance structures back onto counties, rather than
undertakingareinvestmentplan. This lack of state leadership is disheartening, short- sighted and fundamentally irresponsible, whenyouconsider the importanceof fair- ground facilities in combatingwildfires. Fortunately, those threatened by the wildfires have been able to utilize the net- work of fairs during past years and espe- ciallyduring the recent devastatingweeks. I am afraid if the state does not provide a viable investmentplan, these facilitiesmay not beavailable tomeet the “call toaction” next year, when we see another round of ferocious fires. What then? (Kev in Cann i s a member of the Mariposa County Board of Supervisors and former chair of the Rural County Representatives of California. He may be contactedat kcann@mariposacounty.org.)
® Ag Alert
VOL. 47, NO. 33
September 9, 2020
THE WEEKLY
NEWSPAPER FOR CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE
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2 Ag Alert September 9, 2020
Farm organizations press for more N95 respirators
Bryan Little, director of employment policy for the California Farm Bureau Federation, saidthecurrentsituationshows theneed for flexibilityby state regulators. “It’s only September and the wildfire season isn’t going to be over for a couple of months, and we have no respirators,” Little said. “The agency hasn’t approved anything that serves as analternative, and we’re exactly where we were in March whenwe told the agency that this was go- ing to be a problem.” To limit anemployee’sexposure towild- fire smoke, he said the regulation requires
theemployer toimplement environmental controls such as air filtration, or admin- istrative controls such as changing the employees’ work location or limiting the amount of time they are exposed. “Insome typesof outdoor employment, youmight beable todo these controls, but in agriculture the grapes may need to be harvested today; either we harvest or we have no crop,” Little said. Prior to the wildfires, Little said Farm Bureau and other groups worked with
ByChristine Souza At both the state and federal levels, ag- ricultural advocates say they’reworking to enhance theavailabilityofN95 respirators required for outdoor work in California during poor air quality related to wildfire smoke and other causes. The N95 respirators have been in short supply for months, due to increased de- mand by health providers due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The early onset of wildfire seasonworsened the problem for farmers and ranchers, who must comply Hearing to be held on dairy petition TheCaliforniaDepartment of Foodand Agriculture has called a public hearing to consider apetitiontoamend thestatemilk quota program. The virtual hearing will be held Sept. 30 and Oct. 1, from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., via Microsoft Teams. The call-in number is 916-245-8850; the conference IDnumber is 693-778-929. The announcement comes after the state Producer Review Board, which ad- vises CDFA Secretary KarenRoss on dairy issues, voted last month to advance the petition to a hearing process. The hearing wi l l focus on a peti- tion submitted in June by United Dairy Families of California, which seeks a pro- ducer referendum to terminate the state quota implementation plan, or QIP, by March 2025. The proposal also seeks to change the regional quota adjusters so the quota premiumin all counties equals $1.43 per hundredweight. Anadministrative lawjudgewill preside over the hearing and receive evidence. Only the judge and CDFA staff will be al- lowed toquestionwitnesses. Therewill be no hearing panel nor will the department present witnesses. Wr i tten statements and exhibi ts may be delivered personally, by email or postal mail prior to the close of the hearing. They may be submitted to: California Department of Food and Agriculture, Legal Office, 1220NSt., Suite 315, Sacramento, CA 95814 or CDFA. LegalOffice@cdfa.ca.gov. CDFA said submissions may be any lengthbutmust be limited to thecall of the hearing and signed. Written statements and exhibits received before the hearing will beavailable forpublic inspectionSept. 20-29, from9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Testimony will be received under oath and a time limit for oral testimony will be determined by the hearing officer at the beginning of the hearing. Witnesses may supplement oral testimony with written testimony and exhibits. People who want to testifymaypreregisterwith theCDFAle- gal officeuntil Sept. 29at 4p.m. Thosewho don’t preregister will testify in the order determined by the hearing officer.
with the state air-quality regulation.
Under the wi ldf i re smoke s tan- dard from the California Division of Occupational Safety andHealth, farmers must offer N95 masks or filtering face- piece respirators to outdoor employees, and encourage their use. The regulation applieswhen theAirQuality Index reach- es levels of 151 or higher.
See N95, Page 16
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September 9, 2020 Ag Alert 3
End of legislative session includes farm-related bills ByKevinHecteman
bills were authored by Assemblywoman Lorena Gonzalez, D-SanDiego, and Sen. Ben Allen, D-Santa Monica. CFBF and other agricultural organi- zations pointed out the ramifications for food producers and food safety. “What Farm Bureau stressed, along with other ag groups, is that these plas- tics play an important role to further the state’s other goals, such as reducing the amount of food waste that’s happening, being able to protect public health—es- peciallywhen the consumer base ismore interested recently in having no-touch produce options,” CFBF policy advocate Taylor Roschen said. Though packaging used in field pack- ing would have been exempt, Roschen said, products going to coolers and pack- inghouses would not. Producers would have incurred greater expenses, and those would have found their way to the supermarket, she noted. “I think we would have also seen it translate to rising food costs, which at a time right now, when people are so food insecure and financially insecure—it’s just not an appropriate time for this really ambitious policy,” Roschen said. In the end, the bills failed by narrow margins shortly before the deadline. “It was a testament to how import- ant our Republican and Democratic members who value ag are in the
Legislature,” Roschen said. A bi l l that would help repair the Friant-Kern Canal was sent to the gov- ernor’s desk. SB 559, from Sen. Melissa Hurtado, D-Sanger, would require the state Department of Water Resources to report to the Legislature by March 31 on any federal funding approved in Congress to make repairs to the canal. The report would be required to include a proposal for the state to pay a share of the cost, not to exceed 35%, and detail how the money should be spent. The Legislature sidetrackedAB 6, from Assemblywoman Eloise Gomez Reyes, D-Colton, which would have authorized the state attorney general to bring civil action under his or her own authority for acts of water pollution. The lawpresently requires a complaint to be received be- fore the attorney general can bring suit. “It’s always crazy the last days and hours of the legislative session—and this year was one for the books, advocating remotely for SB 559 and to stop the at- torney general’s attempt to increase his authority in AB 6,” said Danny Merkley, CFBF director of water resources. “It took a true team effort within Farm Bureau, colleagues representing other agricultur- al and irrigation groups, and legislators who understood our concerns.” On the employment-policy front, a COVID-19-related workers’ compen- sation insurance bill sent to the gover- nor would create an outbreak-based presumption of work-related illness for people who might not have caught COVID-19 on the job. The employer would have an opportunity to rebut the claim. The bill, SB 1159 from Sen. Jerry Hill, D-San Mateo, specifies agricultural fields among the places of employment covered under its provisions. SB 1383 from Sen. Hannah-Beth Jackson, D-Santa Barbara, aims to per- manently expand child- and school-re- lated leaves specified in the Labor Code fromemployers of 25 ormore to employ- ers of five ormore. The bill alsowould ex- pand the list of reasons for which leave must be offered, to cover natural disasters
or other problems, and would add a pri- vate right of action for violations. AB 685, also awaiting action from the governor, would require employ- ers to repor t to Cal/OSHA and the state Department of Public Health any COVID-19 infections they “knew or should have reasonably known of,” ac- cording to the bill’s text. Failure to do so would be a criminal violation. Bryan Little, director of employment policy for CFBF and chief operating of- ficer of CFBF affiliate Farm Employers Labor Service, said agricultural organi- zations will ask Gov. Gavin Newsom to veto the bill. “We oppose AB 685 because it has vague reportingobligations forCOVID-19 cases that may or may not be work-relat- ed, andwouldencouragepublic shaming of employers by possibly reporting that informationpublicly by employer name,” Little said. Abill mandating quarterly, rather than annual, reporting of the use of granular chlorpyrifos from the Department of Pesticide Regulation also reached the governor’s desk. SB 86, from Sen. María ElenaDurazo, D-Los Angeles, would also require county agricultural commission- ers to report potential reasons for quar- terly changes in chlorpyrifos use. AB 1788, from Assemblyman Richard Bloom, D-SantaMonica, takes aimat an- ticoagulant rodenticides and the effects theyhaveonwildlife that eat rodentskilled by the original product. Roschen said an exemption for agricultural use was se- cured, and described that as crucial “for food safety and the safety of employees.” “The exemption that we were able to get was for all ag sites”—pump stations, processing facilities, canneries, distribu- tioncenters andwarehouses, andpacking sheds, she said. Thematerial is restricted andmust beusedbyaqualifiedapplicator. Gov. Newsomhas until Sept. 30 to sign or veto the bills on his desk. (Kevin Hecteman is an assistant ed- itor of Ag Alert. He may be contacted at khecteman@cfbf.com.)
Amarathon final night of the state leg- islative session led to a stack of bills on the governor’s desk concerning farming and agricultural employers—and the demise of others that agricultural advo- cates say would have harmed farmers and ranchers. California Farm Bureau Federation Administrator Jim Houston said CFBF policy advocates followed legislative ac- tivity into the wee hours of the morning Sept. 1, as the Legislature finalized bills due Aug. 31. “The Government Affairs team was all hands on deck well past midnight, standing up for farmers and ranchers,” Houston said. “It was gratifying to see all the teamwork and dedication come to fruition, and even though some bills passed, we stopped a lot more. It was ul- timately a successful year for agriculture.” The list of potentially troublesome leg- islation that failed included a pair of bills aimed at food packaging. Assembly Bill 1080 and Senate Bill 54 attempted to regulate single-use packaging, products made of plastic, or cardboard or paper lined with plastic. Materials used for fresh produce, such as clamshell containers, plastic bags, film packaging and plastic-lined paper bags, would have been required to be compostable, reusable or recyclable. The
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Pandemic housing program expands to Santa Barbara
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A third county has joined the Housing for the Harvest program, which pro- vides temporary hotel accommoda- tions for farm and food-processing em- ployees who need to self-isolate during the pandemic. T h e S a n t a B a r b a r a C o u n t y Department of Public Health will part- ner with the local Family Service Agency to manage the program, according to the California Department of Food and Agriculture. CDFA said last week Santa Barbara County would join Fresno and San Joaquin counties, which became the first to launch the Housing for the Harvest program.
The programprovides temporary hotel rooms for people who have tested pos- itive for COVID-19 and do not require hospitalization, or who have been ex- posed and cannot properly self-isolate at home. CDFAsaid farmemployeesor foodpro- cessingworkers in Santa Barbara County who need Housing for the Harvest ser- vicesmay call the Family Service Agency at 805-325-5341. Personal information gathered through the processwill be kept confidential, the department said. More information about the pro- grammay be found at covid19.ca.gov/ housing-for-agricultural-workers.
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4 Ag Alert September 9, 2020
New EPA rule would speed approval for biotech plants
pest-resistant cultivars to be developed more quickly and efficiently.” For example, it could be particularly useful for moving disease-resistance genes fromwild relatives into elite culti- vars, he added, although noting the EPA proposal seems to focus more on exam- ples where a specific chemical or protein is produced. Under the proposed exemption, EPA would require developers of biotech pes- ticides incorporated into plants to sub- mit either a self-determination letter or a request for EPA confirmation that their
productmeets the criteria for exemption; a developer could also submit both. EPA listed several benefits it said may result from the proposed exemptions, including lower costs from reduced regulatory burden; increased research, development and commercialization of pest-control options for farmers, partic- ularly in “minor” crops; and reduced use of conventional pesticides that couldpro- vide environmental benefits. EPA estimated the new rule would re-
ByChing Lee In an effort to streamline regulations of certain pesticides derived through biotechnology, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed a new rule it says would speed development of new, genetically engineered plant varieties that could help farmers fight pest and disease pressure, potentially in more crops. Specifically, EPA has proposed ex- emptions under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and the Federal Food, Drug andCosmetic Act for certain biotech pesticides incorporated into plants “that pose no risks of con- cern to humans or the environment,” the agency said. Under the proposed rule, announced last week, regulatory exemptions for such biotech pesticides would be allowed “as long as their pesticidal substances are found in plants that are sexually compat- iblewith the recipient plant andmeet the proposed exemption criteria, ensuring their safety.”Once the rule is published in the Federal Register , the public will have 60 days to comment. The agency said the proposed ex- emptions “seek to facilitate the de- velopment of new tools for American farmers to protect their crops and con- trol agricultural pests.” By “reducing antiquated regulations that restrict access to the market for biotechnolo- gy products,” EPA said, farmers would have more access to science-based innovations that could potentially in- crease the nation’s food supply. “This new rulewill provide critical new tools for America’s farmers as they work to increase agricultural productivity, im- prove the nutritional value and quality of crops, fight pests and diseases, and boost food safety,” EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler said. “Embracing this technolo- gy through a transparent, consistent and science-based process is long overdue, and will secure benefits to American ag- riculture well into the future.” Kent Bradford, director of the Seed Biotechnology Center at the University of California, Davis, said the EPApropos- al appears similar to a recent proposal by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to allow changes to a plant using biotech- nology if those changes could have been achieved throughconventional breeding. The rule would allow sexually com- patible plants with desirable traits such as possession of pesticidal substances to be crossed, and it would be possible to recover viable progeny from them, he explained. Most crops are sexually com- patible with some wild species to which they are closely related, such as among pepper or tomato species, he added. The advantage to this part of the rule, Bradford said, is that “the gene encoding the enzyme that makes a chemical pesti- cide or the pesticidal protein itself could be introduced into amodern cultivar and confer resistance to the pest without hav-
ing to actually make the cross to the wild species and then backcross repeatedly,” sometimes over six to 10 generations, to get back to the “elite variety.” “It is often difficult to keep all of the advantageous traits of the elite variety, and undesirable traits can also come along from the wild parent,” he said. “So theoretically, this change could enable
See BIOTECH, Page 14
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Any amateur photographer who is a member of a county Farm Bureau in California or a current contributing member of the California Bountiful Foundation can participate. Join Farm Bureau at www.cfbf.com/join
To enter: Submit up to five print or high-resolution digital photos. Enter online or postmark by Sept. 30. Go to www.cfbf.com/photocontest to find rules and forms, enter or see past winners. Or email photocontest@cfbf.com for rules and entry forms.
September 9, 2020 Ag Alert 5
USDA offers programs, services for wildfire recovery With California farmers and ranchers assessing damage from a spate of ear- ly-season wildfires, the U.S. Department of Agriculturehas issued reminders about the technical and financial assistance it makes available to helpwith recovery. “As agricultural producers move into recoverymode and assess damages, they should contact their local USDA Service Centertoreport lossesandlearnmoreabout programoptions available to assist in their recoveryfromcrop, land, infrastructureand livestock losses anddamages,”USDAsaid. Connie Conway, state director of the USDA FarmService Agency, encouraged farmers and ranchers to contact a local FSA office via a Service Center as soon as they are safely able to evaluate the impact to their businesses. She said the FSA can advise farmers and ranchers on which documents they will need to provide to expedite assistance, such as farmrecords, receipts and pictures of damage or losses. The FSA said it offers a number of disas- ter-assistance programs to offset eligible losses: the Livestock Indemnity Program; Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honeybees,andFarm-RaisedFishProgram; Emergency Conservation Program; Emergency Forest Restoration Program; Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program; andTreeAssistanceProgram. Additionally, USDA said producers lo- cated incountieswithaprimaryor contig- uous disaster designationmay be eligible for low-interestemergencyloans tohelpre- cover fromproductionandphysical losses. Theagency advised farmers and ranch- ers with federal crop insurance coverage to contact their crop insurance agent for assistance. The USDA Risk Management Agency said farmers and ranchers should report crop damage to their agent within 72 hours of the damage, and follow up in writingwithin 15 days. JeffreyYasui,whodirectstheRMAregion- alofficethatcoversCalifornia,saidapproved insurance providers, loss adjusters and agents “are experienced and well trained when it comes todisaster recovery and are ready toassist impactedproducers.” Th e USDA Na t u r a l Re s ou r c e s Conservation Service said it also offers programs to help in the recovery process. The Environmental Quality Incentives ProgramCatastrophicFireRecoveryprac- ticeprovides resourceprotection for areas burnedby catastrophic fires, withbenefits that include preventing soil erosion pro- tection,minimizing spreadof noxious and invasive plants, protecting water quality and restoring livestock infrastructurenec- essary for grazingmanagement. Additional NRCS programs include the Emergency Watershed Protection program, which assists local government agencieswith thecost of addressingwater- shed impairments or hazards such as de- bris removal andstreambankstabilization. NRCS said it also offers Conservation Technical Assistance following a wildfire, to help fire victims with planning cost-ef- fective post-fire restoration practices. USDA said farmers, ranchers and landowners can use an online Disaster AssistanceDiscovery Tool, answering five questions to identifyUSDAprograms that would helpmeet disaster recovery needs. The tool is available at www.farmers.gov/ recover/disaster-tool. More information on all USDA disas- ter assistance programs may be found at farmers.gov/recover or by contacting a lo- cal USDA Service Center, with a directory at farmers.gov/service-center-locator. China lags on fulfilling import commitments New trade data show China buy- ing more U.S. commodities, but the American Farm Bureau Federation says the sales aren’t on pace with trade com- mitments China has made. In data released last week, the U.S. Department of Agriculture said export sales toChina totalednearly $8 billion for the period of January through July. ThoughChinadid increase itspurchas- es of U.S. farmproducts, AFBF economist Veronica Nigh said the figure remained 44%below the pace Chinawould need to maintain tomeet commitmentsmade in a Phase 1 trade agreement with the U.S. “Certainly, China’s picking up the pace on their purchases, just as we were ex- pecting them to, but there’s still a long ways to go before they’re on pace to ac- tually meet their goal,” Nigh said. She said the additional sales to China have not increased overall U.S. agricul- tural exports this year. “It’s basically just shifting where our exports are going,” Nigh said, noting that total U.S. farmexports in the January-July period totaled about $75.9 billion—down roughly 3% from the same time last year. One potential for expanded trade, she said, comes in ongoing trade talks with Taiwan. For example, Nigh said Taiwan has expressed willingness to consider accepting U.S. beef from cows that are 30 months or older, which she said “certainly would be a big benefit to U.S. beef producers.”
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6 Ag Alert September 9, 2020
A SPECIAL GROWERS’ REPORT OF AG ALERT ® C A L I F O R N I A Trees & Vines ®
Cages surround bags of codling moth larvae affixed to walnut trees, above. The cages protected the larvae from birds, so researchers could compare predation of the protected larvae against larvae left vulnerable to birds. A University of California study showed birds such as the white-breasted nuthatch photographed by a field camera, right, to be effective predators of the larvae.
Birds help reduce codling moth larvae in orchards ByKathyCoatney
temperature in growth chambers where the larvae were reared. Long and Heath glued bags of the hibernating larvae onto tree trunks. Some larvae were available to predators; others had cages over them to prevent bird predation— serving as the control group—and field cameras were set up to identify avianpredators. About threemonths later, they checked for predation and found 46% of the sentinel codlingmoth larvae exposed to the birdswere eaten, while only 11%of the caged larvae were eaten, showing that birdsweremajor predators. Videos of nuthatches andNuttall’s woodpeckers suggested these two specieswere responsible formuchof the pest control inwalnut orchards. The 11%of predated larvae in cages were killed by insect predators and parasitoid wasps, the researchers said. Reducing larvae in the winter months with natural enemies should help reduce the codling moth springtime flight and reduce pest pressure during the growing season, the researchers said—but Long acknowledges concern birds will damage the crop. “In walnuts, there’s just very minimal issues with birds, except maybe crows that could come in and cause some damage to developing walnuts. However, overall, birds are either going to be harmless or actually even beneficial, particularly in the winter- time,” she said. “For walnuts, and even almonds, almost all birds are beneficial because they feed
Codling moth in walnuts can cause significant yield and quality losses if left uncontrolled. During the wintertime, its larvae are more vulnerable to predators, offering opportunities for encouraging biocontrol by natural enemies, including insectivorous birds. Rachael Long, University of California Cooperative Extension farm advisor in Yolo County, trapped bats in walnut orchards and found bats eat adult codling moths and essentially prevent egg laying. Since that research, Long and her colleague SachaHeath of UCDavis and the Living Earth Collaborative at Washington University in St. Louis started a project to discover thepotential for bug-eatingbirds tohelp control codlingmoths inwalnuts. The research was completed last year. Long and Heath monitored bird activity in 20 different walnut orchards in the Sacramento Valley during the wintertime, with a focus on birds that search for insect prey in tree bark. The most abundant insectivorous birds with this feeding behavior included woodpeckers, flickers, bushtits, oak titmice and nuthatches. To measure the impact of bird predation on codling moth control, the researchers obtained larvae from the U.S. Department of Agriculture lab in Parlier, where a colony ismaintained for research purposes. The larvae were coaxed to spin cocoons in pieces of corrugated cardboard and to go dormant as the researchers manipulated light and
See BIRDS, Page 8
September 9, 2020 Ag Alert 7
Birds Continued from Page 7
on insects,” Long continued, noting again the exception of crows. Using birds in field crops—particu- larly seed crops—is a learning process that could mean watching birds to un- derstand which are pests, when they’re pests, when to manage them and learn- ing to appreciate when they’re benefi- cial, she said. Seed crops such as sunflowers, for ex- ample, could have birds that are benefi- cial early in the season, such as gold or purple finches that feedon insects to feed their young. Later in the season, those same birds switch to seeds, Long said. “It is a little bit of a learning curve with understanding birds and their biology, but once you get it, birds can provide a huge amount of beneficial pest control services,” she said, adding that providing natural habitat on the farm plays a very significant role in encouragingmore nat- ural enemies, including birds. “When you remove habitat all around the farm, there’s nowhere for this wild- life to go—birds and such—except for on crops. Then you’re more likely to get wildlife and crop-production conflicts with birds feeding on crops,” she said.
UC Davis re- searcher Sacha Heath checks bags of codling moth larvae af- fixed to a walnut tree for signs of predation. A UC study monitored how many lar- vae beneficial birds removed from an orchard.
There is always the fear that habitat will draw in pest birds, but Long said pest birds are present in crops regardless of field-edge habitat. “Large flocking pest birds like starlings, blackbirds and crows seemmost interest-
ed in the crop, or sometimes structures like corrals,” Long said. “We found that if you have hedge- rows, you’re increasing the beneficial bird numbers by tenfold and diversity by fivefold,” she said. “The more we work withMother Nature to encourage natural enemies on farms, themore natural pest control we’ll have.” Long said their research found birds to be beneficial for controlling pests, and that they controlled at least 35% of the codlingmoth pests inwalnuts. If bats are added, along with beneficial insects, she said there would be “pretty good natural control” of the pests. Bat and owl houses represent a good investment, Long said, as the research shows that encouraging these natural enemies really does help to control pests. Using birds becomes even more im- portant with fewer chemicals being reg-
istered in California, she said, noting that in alfalfa, for example, “It’s just re- ally worrisome that there’s just no new insecticides coming down the pipeline for weevil control.” Using birds for pest control for wal- nuts poses minimal food-safety risk, Long said, because of the husk around the walnut shell and the enclosed nut. She said the benefits frompest control by bug-eating birds far outweighs any risks. “Clearly, in this case where we are losing so many insecticides due to re- sistance or due to regulations, we really need to look for ways to control pests naturally. One way is to encourage nat- ural enemies like birds and beneficial insects, and bats even, to come in and help us out,” Long said. (Kathy Coatne y i s a repor t e r in Bend, Oregon. She may be contacted at kacoatney@gmail.com.)
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“Will they be what the buyer originally intended them to be when they bought them, in terms of the correct brix and pH andacidand thephenolics that theywant? Are theygoing tobeable tobeharvestedat that optimumtime?” Hesaidhebelieves the farmer shouldbe able to harvest while testing is underway. “It’snot really fair to tell agrower that he can’t harvest until those results come in, andby theway, when that day comes, that your grapes may be over the hill and then you still can’t harvest,” Bitter said. Blagg said some wineries have been conducting smoke detection throughmi- crofermentation—making small batches of wine for a taste test—and said research into detectionmethods continues. Themid-August heat wave accelerated some grapes, such as old-vine zinfandel, she said. KevinSteward,whomanages vineyards inAmadorandSanJoaquincounties, start- ed harvest late last week in a grenache vineyard in Amador County, which yield- ed 5.5 tons per acre—“a good crop for this area and our style of farming,” he said. Themid-August heat sent his vines into survival mode. In extreme heat, he said, “the vines aren’t doing anything,” in order to protect themselves, but that his vines had “held onwell.” In the Lodi area, most harvest happens under the stars. “The majority of our grapes are har- vested by machine, and that is tradition- allydoneat night,”Blagg said. “The grapes arecooler; theyare removed fromthevine easier when it’s cooler.” Shinn expressed optimism about the long-termoutlook for thewine business. “I think this year, witha lighter cropand hopefully if demandstaysup, theLodi area should be doing better, I’d say, in anoth- er year or two,” he said. “That’s my hope. Farmers, what we have is hope.” (Kevin Hecteman i s an ass i stant editor of Ag Alert. He may be contacted at khecteman@cfbf.com.)
didn’t have towatch themhang again.” AmyBlagg, LodiDistrictGrapeGrowers Association executive director, said farm- ers in the area report average to slightly belowaverage yields so far. “That can help to bring the winegrape supply back into balance,” Blagg said. Statewide, about 3.9 million tons of winegrapes were crushed in 2019, down fromnearly4.3milliontons theyearbefore, according to the CaliforniaDepartment of FoodandAgriculture. This year, California farmers are predicted to produce about 4 milliontonsofwinegrapes, according toan estimate fromAlliedGrapeGrowers. “We had a large crop in 2018, which cre- ated anabundant inventory of wine on the market that carried over into 2019,” said John Aguirre, president of the California Association of Winegrape Growers. “Consumerdemandforwinehadleveledoff, and thenCOVID-19 hit—andwe all know about thedisruptionsassociatedwiththat.” Jeff Bitter, president of Allied Grape Growers, saidhe thinks therecentpast fore- tells thenear future forwinesales. “I anticipate continuedmarket channel shifts like we’ve seen, where consumers arebuyingmore ingrocerystoresandcon- suming at home, and buying less out on premise, whether it’s at the restaurant or in tasting rooms or at events,” Bitter said. As the harvest season began, lightning
Zinfandel grapes await harvest near Lodi. Grape growers this year confront a market severely disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic and concerns about the potential impact of wildfire smoke.
strikes ignitedwildfires acrosswide swaths ofNorthernCalifornia.Thatraisedconcerns grapes might acquire an off-taste, which can occur when compounds fromwildfire smoke insinuate themselves into the vine andthegrape.Aguirresaidwinemadefrom affectedgrapes “has anashtray taste.” Karissa Kruse, president of the Sonoma CountyWinegrapeCommission, noted the fires struck near the beginning of harvest, ratherthanattheendasinthepastfewyears. “We did have an early onset of harvest all through the year,” Kruse said during a webinar last week updating the status of the Sonoma crop. “Wewere already about 10-plusdays intoharvestwhenwe firsthad
those lightning strikes that resulted in fires all over California.” About 15% of the 2020 Sonoma vintage was already in when the Walbridge Fire broke out in the hills west of Healdsburg, she added, and she said many vineyards were nowhere close to the blaze. “If there is any impact (fromsmoke), it’s really early to know,” Kruse said. Aguirre said his organizaiton has been “actively pushing and supporting efforts in Congress to fund additional research on how smoke exposure can affect grape quality andwine quality.” “There’s a desperate need for more re- search that allows us to predict effectively the riskof problemsand then,whereprob- lems arise, how can we remedy those de- fects related to smoke exposure?” he said. Bitter said thesheer scopeof the fires led to a backlog at testing labs. Turnaround time has gone fromtwodays tomore than threeweeks, he said. “The problemwith that is that you of- tenhave tomake a decision about harvest withinthreeweeks,”Bitter said, noting that buyerswant toobtaina sampleandget re- sults as close to harvest as possible. Meanwhile, the grapeswait on the vine. “Will the grapes hold up?” Bitter asked.
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10 Ag Alert September 9, 2020
Meeting discusses winegrape rootstock, winery sanitation
and photosynthesis during drought. Maintaining a greater root volume in- creased water uptake fromdry soil. But in vineyard conditions, rootstocks develop deep, variable rooting environ- ments, she said. Viticultural drought tol- erance reflects better connectivity with wet soil, and drought-tolerant rootstocks lose more turgor in dry roots. Anita Oberholster, UC Cooperative extension specialist in enology at UC Davis, looked at cleaning and sanitation inwineries. She descibed it as “a preven- tive process, not a corrective one.” Oberholster said it is important tohave written protocols to “ensure product quality and worker safety.” Benefits include improved product quality, reduced operating costs, lon- ger equipment life and a safe working environment. Costs and consequences of poor cleaning and sanitation include spoiled or unsaleable product, a dam- aged reputation, damaged equipment and hazardous conditions. Oberholster said cleaning involves removal of organic and inorganic soils. Sanitizing involves disinfection, sanita- tion and sterilization: Disinfection re- sults in 99.9% reduction in harmful or pathogenic cells; sanitation is effective elimination of potential spoilage mi- crobes; sterilization is elimination of all viable cells. Common cleaning chemistries in- clude caustic and non-caustic prod-
ucts as well as acid cleaners, she said. Sanitizing chemistries include peracetic acid, use of ozone, heat and steam, and othermeans such as ultraviolet light and ultrasonic applications. Oberholster said there should be writ- ten protocols and employee checklists, along with a monitoring strategy to val- idate protocol. She saidwinery tank surfaces and bot- tling lines are often the areasmost free of microbial contamination, whereas drains and the areas around the bung of barrels may have high levels. Pumps, hoses and winery process water often can cause re- contamination. “It’s important to pay attention to crit- ical areas such as valves, gaskets and ports, and to take care in cleaning floors, especially with hose water,” Oberholster said. “Develop a strategy for monitoring the success of a protocol. Visual clean is not good enough.” She said there is “no right or wrong choice for cleaning and sanitizing chemi- cals. Choices should depend on the bud- get, the application surface, regulations or personal preference, but should be validated by a monitoring program.” “Even when visually clean, a clean- ing step cannot be omitted or the risk of contamination frombiofilms will occur,” Oberholster said. (Denni s Pol lock i s a repor t er in F r e s no . He ma y b e c on t a c t e d a t agcompollock@yahoo.com.)
ByDennis Pollock Girding grape rootstock with drought tolerance and cleaning and sanitation in winerieswere among topics taking center stage at a virtual meeting conducted by University of California researchers. Megan Bartlett, assistant professor with the Department of Viticulture and Enology atUCDavis, opened theVirtually on the Road in Stanislaus County meet- ing by talking of evaluating traits to im- prove drought tolerance in rootstocks. She said her research aims to evaluate candidate rootstock traits for ability to maintainphotosynthesis and growthun- der water-stressed conditions. Bartlett said the lack of geneticmarkers forwater-related traits has impededprog- ress in breeding efforts. She said many traits have been linked with drought tol- erance in crop and wild plant species, though it remains difficult to identify a set of genes to target in breeding efforts. It has been learned that root cellular traits impact root sensitivity to drought. Roots are a major bottleneck for plant water transport, especially under water stress, she said, because most resistance to water movement comes from living cells in the roots. Cell collapse in grapevine roots lim-
its water uptake during drought, Bartlett said. X-ray imaging of drought-starved roots showedcell collapse anddeath start early inwater stress, which reduceswater uptake from the soil. Root cells shrink as they lose water and turgor declines, meaning they lose the water pressure that holds up the cell walls as they lose water. The shrinking of root cells results in loss of pathways for water movement. Bartlett’s research looked at the de- gree to which rootstocks vary in the sensitivity to water stress and whether those traits can be changed to improve drought tolerance. Researchers looked at eight grafted rootstocks that vary indrought tolerance. They grew potted vines in a greenhouse that standardized drought treatment by eliminating the effect of differences in rooting depth. Pots were watered and weighed three times per week to main- tain soil content at 100% (well-watered) and 40% (drought). Plant measurements included stomatal conductance, photo- synthesis, midday leaf water potential and evapotranspiration. Bartlett said the study found that root- stocks with less root shrinkage main- tained greater stomatal conductance
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September 9, 2020 Ag Alert 11
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