Ag Alert Sept. 22, 2021

Ag Alert is the newspaper of the California Farm Bureau Federation, reaching Farm Bureau agricultural and collegiate members. Agricultural members are owners and decision-makers on California farms and ranches. The California Farm Bureau Federation is a non-governmental, non-profit, voluntary membership organization whose purpose is to protect and promote agricultural interests throughout the state of California and to find solutions to the problems of the farm, the farm home and the rural community. Farm Bureau is California's largest farm organization, comprised of 53 county Farm Bureaus. Farm Bureau strives to protect and improve the ability of farmers and ranchers engaged in production agriculture to provide a reliable supply of food and fiber through responsible stewardship of California's resources.

Grapevine research Plots of raisins, table grapes share welcome traits

Ag Alert returns October 6 Ag Aler t® publ ishes 46 t imes a year, and wi l l be on hiatus next week (September 29) . Our next issue will be published October 6. In the meantime, please check the California Farm Bureau Facebook and Twitter feeds, and the Ag Alert and California Farm Bureau websites at www.agalert.com and www.cfbf.com, for breaking news.

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www.cfbf.com • www.agalert.com SEPTEMBER 22, 2021

Trees & Vines ® Dairy & Livestock ®

s p e c i a l r e p o r t s

ByKevinHecteman As another wildfire season rages in California, state lawmakers are seeking to ramp upmitigation efforts and help peo- ple working outside protect themselves fromsmoke. Among b i l l s pas s ed be f ore the Legislature adjourned is Assembly Bill 73, authored by Assembly Agriculture CommitteechairRobertRivas,D-Hollister. Thebill“providesessentialworkersaccess to the state’s stockpile of N95 respirators,” said Bryan Little, director of employment policy for the California FarmBureau and chief operating officer of FarmEmployers Labor Service, aFarmBureauaffiliate. Little said the legislation seeks to “avoid thekindofproblemthatwehadinthespring of2020,whenalotofagemployerswerehav- ingdifficulty sourcingN95 respirators.” N95s, which must be certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth, are respirators designed to fil- ter out 95%of airborne particles. Cal OSHA’s Protection from Wildfire Smoke regulation requires employees working outdoors to be provided N95 masks when the air-quality index reach- es 151—the low end of the “unhealthy” scale—in the presence of wildfire smoke containing particles measuring 2.5 mi- crons or smaller. California’s record-setting 2020wildfire season, on topof theCOVID-19pandemic and normal seasonal use of N95s, pushed demand for N95 respirators well beyond suppliers’ ability to keep up, leading to problems for agricultural employers. “We ran into an issue last year where someof therespirators thatwerebeingdis- tributedout of the stockpilewerenot com- pliantwiththe requirementsof thewildfire smoke regulation, or evenpesticide-safety requirements,” Little said, noting this was strictly a supply-and-demand issue. “The supply chainseems tohave ironed out these kinks, but another black-swan event couldcausea similar problemin the See BUDGET, Page 19 Budget boosts wildfire funding; labor bills pass

Apple tourism drops after major wildfire Stephanie Lundin, right, of Larsen Apple Barn in Camino, passes an apple sample to London Currie as her mother, Kellie Currie of Placerville, far left, brother Colin and grandmother Sandi Cann watch. The family visited Apple Hill, an agritourism destination in El Dorado County that features nearly 50 farms.

By Ching Lee It should be bustling at Apple Hill in El Dorado County this time of year. The Northern California agritourism hot spot typically attracts thousands of visitors in the weeks leading up to October, its busiestmonth. But operators say concerns about wildfire and smoke, plusmisinformationabout road closures,

may still be keeping people home. Their message: Apple Hill is open for business, and it’s safe to come. The Caldor Fire, which started Aug. 14 and has scorched more than 219,000 acres in El Dorado, Amador and Alpine counties, remains active. But it did not damage any of the nearly 50 farms that comprise Apple Hill. Wildfire smoke in

the region has largely dissipated, but farm owners say foot traffic at Apple Hill so far has been lighter than past years. “We’ re hoping for a real ly good October,” said Evelyn Abel, owner of Abel’s Apple Acres. Shenotedbusinessdropped63%during

See TOURISM, Page 15

n e w s p a p e r

Comment.......................................2 Trees & Vines...............................7 Dairy & Livestock..................... 11 Classifieds........................... 16-19 Inside

Published by

The true fish story: How farmers are helping salmon

ByDannyMerkley Asafourth-generationSacramentoValley farmerandtheCaliforniaFarmBureau’sdi- rectorofwater resources fornearly14years, I have learned that California’s farmers

Still, the Washington Post depicts the Central Valley as a villainous “home to the state’s lucrative and politically powerful $42 billion a year agricultural industry.” The fact is that “industry” is made up in large part by tens of thousands of small family farms and ranches, including con- ventional and organic agriculture, that produces 400 commodities. California family farmers and ranch- ers feed much of this nation and others around the world because we are bless- edwith the climate and resources to pro- duce the healthiest food and farmprod- ucts in the world. We do so with more regulations in place than anywhere else in the world to protect the environment, our scarce natural resources and the farmworkers who plant, cultivate and harvest the food. In 2006 , Cal i fornia Pol ytechni c University, San Luis Obispo, conducted a study on regulatory costs for a lettuce grower and foundregulations cost $109.16 per acre—or 1.26%of production costs. In 2017, Cal Poly found the same grower’s regulatory costswereup to$977.30—8.9% of production costs. From my experience, farming and ranching is a great way tomake a life, but a tough way tomake a living. For many in agriculture, it is far from lucrative. But farmers are making sacrifices and, yes, working to protect the environment and salmon populations. Those so-called environmentalists should understand that the fight over wa- ter isnotbetweenfishand farms. Theyalso could stand to read up on what it takes to produce the food and get it from the farm to their forks. (Danny Merkley is director of water re- sources for theCaliforniaFarmBureau. He may be reached at dmerkley@cfbf.com.)

and ranchers are the real environ- mentalists. That title isn’t earned by some of the more extreme environ- mental groups or opportunists filing lawsuits or putting outmisinformation. The i r e f f o r t s s e e m e d t o b e

Danny Merkley

Supported by agriculture and the California Water Association, the River Garden Farms project uses rice fields as flood plains to develop food supplies for juvenile salmon populations.

on display last week in an in-depth Washington Post article, “California’s DisappearingSalmon,” that lapsed intothe all-too-familiarnarrativeabout “thepush- pull between farmers and environmental- ists over water.”Herewe go againwith that yarnabout thirsty farms killing the fish. The actual story is this: Real environ- mentalists in farming are developing an alternative regime for fixing the fish prob- lems inour rivers,whichavoids thecurrent hard path of litigation. Farmers are supporting solutions that reduce the burden on water users while also undertaking fish conservation efforts to address predator control, food supply andhabitat restoration. For example, con- sider these initiatives: • The Nigiri Project uses flooded rice fields rich in food and free of predators to raise juvenile salmon. • River GardenFarms and theNorthern California Water Association’s project, just south of Shasta Dam, features struc- tures known as refugia that are placed in the river to give juvenile salmon a place to rest, feed and seek protection from larger,

predatory fish. • The Glenn-Colusa Irrigation District, inpartnershipwith local, stateand federal agencies, constructed the Market Street Bridge gravel project inRedding to restore salmon spawning habitat. • Food being grown in the Sacramento bypass releases critical nutrients into the fish-food-deprived Sacramento River. These are projects by farmers, ranch- ers and agricultural irrigation districts in partnership with universities and local, state and federal agencies as well as envi- ronmental organizations that truly want to help the environment. They are projects that look at ways to improve “functional flows” in rivers as opposed to strict flow-only numbers for environmental policy. They show great promise in near-term improvements for the environment, species and habitat. Releasingmore andmore water for fish survival isnotthesilverbullet.Blamingfarm- ersandranchers isa lazyman’sapproach. The Washington Post says “while

farmers have found ways to become more efficient with water use in recent decades, the agriculture industry is still usingmorewater than any other industry in California—about 40%”—of human uses. That’s the water use percentage ev- ery other developed country in theworld uses to produce food. But in California, the difference is this: Farmersandranchershave increasedcrop production per acre foot of applied water bymore than 43%since 1967. Yes, it is evident in recent decades that we are experiencing more frequent and longer drought periods, punctuatedby at- mospheric rivers that produce heavy pre- cipitation years inbetween.We are seeing our precipitation come in the formof rain with less snow in the Sierra. Yet California policymakers have done little to nothing to maintain, repair and adapt ourwater infrastructure that ismore than50 years old. Ifwe trulywant tobe cli- mate and water resilient for fish and peo- ple, we need to rebuild that infrastructure for today’s reality.

VOL. 48, NO. 35

September 22, 2021

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2 Ag Alert September 22, 2021

Food service rebounding, but uncertainty continues

schools and quick-service restaurants. “The hotel association thinks it will take four years to return to 2019 levels,” said Lauren Scott, Produce Marketing Association chief strategy and market- ing officer. The Produce Marketing Association is a trade organization representing com- panies in every segment of the global fresh produce and floral supply chain, fromgrower-shippers to corporate retail- ers to restaurants. One of the challenges facing the in-

dustry is elevating the importance of produce in consumers’ minds as—even now— many are still just returning to dining out. “Wehavea lower percent of peoplewho think about fruits and vegetables when they order food away from home than consumers in other countries, like Brazil, the UK and China,” Scott said. “They’re thinking about themeat in Brazil, too, but they’re also thinking about the produce.” Theproduce industry combined forces

ByBob Johnson Food-service markets for produce are on the way back after a year and a half of suffering effects of the pandemic. But the climb back up the economic hill will be uneven, and no one knows with certainty what the newnormal will look like. Many fruit and vegetable farmers and Energy metering tariff faces review Focusing on impacts to agricultural utility customers, California FarmBureau has collaborated with the Agricultural EnergyConsumers Association to submit testimony as part of a California Public UtilitiesCommissionproceeding focused on the next iteration of the net energy metering tariff, commonly referred to as NEM 3.0. Agricultural customers use net me- tering in conjunction with wind, hydro- electric and solar facilities. Net energy metering aggregation, or NEMA, allows a single customer withmanymeters on the same property to aggregate load to all of its eligible accounts. Through NEM and NEMA, agricultural customers can offset a portion of their electricity bill. As part of the proceeding, inves- tor-owned ut i l i t ies recommended changes to net energy metering. The agricultural parties stated in testimony that the investor-owned utilities’ pro- posal would undermine the legislative intent behind the authorization of the NEMA tariff. TheNEMA tariff was establishedby the Legislature to allowcustomers withmul- tiple contiguous parcels tomimic oppor- tunities available to industrial and com- mercial customers who can aggregate all of their loads behind a single meter. The ability to aggregate load particularly benefits agricultural customers, who of- tenhave pumping loads dispersed across neighboring parcels. “Our focus is on the impact of pro- posals on agricultural customers,” said Karen Norene Mills, California Farm Bureau director of legal services and public utilities director. “The commis- sion’s ‘Lookback Study’ evaluating the impacts of NEM 2.0 found nonresiden- tial customers pay more than their cost of service and do not shift cost in the way residential customers do.” Some parties, such as The Utility Reform Network, made proposals that seemed to implicate existing NEM 1.0 and 2.0 customers. The agricultural par- ties’ testimony and briefs urged that the terms in the tariffs for existing nonresi- dential NEM1.0 andNEM2.0 customers remain unchanged. Kevin Johnston, Cal i fornia Farm Bureau associate counsel, added that the agricultural parties are focused on See ENERGY, Page 10

grower-shippers endured shocks to their businessmodels as schools shutteredand restaurantswent out of businessor sharply downsized operations, serving only take- out or delivery customers. The return of fruit and vegetable markets to 2019 levels is coming, but the pace of the recovery will be uneven as hotels figure to be far slower than

See FOOD, Page 14

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September 22, 2021 Ag Alert 3

Klamath plantings seek robust barley malts for beer ByKathyCoatney

grown in California. Hayes’ research, in three study ar- eas, is funded by the American Malting Barley Association. The organization’s members include craf t and main- stream brewers. Hayes is studying barley varieties to make themresistant to disease and stress, while achieving highmalting quality and rich tastes. But, he said, “The definition of malting quality is very much in the eye of the beholder.” That’s because craft and mainstream beer makers don’t agree on everything. Thereasonfor theirdifferences is thatmost craft brewers are using whole barleymalt intheirbeersandmuchof themainstream industry is using adjuncts such as corn or rice, Hayes explained. In his research on barley flavors, Hayes said, “We’ve been systematically working through this todocument that, yes indeed, specificvarietiesof barleycanprovidespe- cific flavors to beer.” He said the specific geographywherebarley is grownmayalso add uniqueness to those flavors. In focusing on fall plantings, Hayes is researching barley that puts out root sys- tems in autumn, then grows very slowly over thewinter—usingprecipitation in the formof rain or snow. Once spring arrives, it hits its growth spurt before springbarley is even planted. Oneclassofbarley—facultativebarley— can be planted in the fall and has enough cold tolerance to survive thewinter. It also can be planted in the spring, Hayes said. “Oneof the things thatwe reallyworkon is trying to understand the genetics of this facultative growth habits, so that we can provide our farmers and industries with thegreatest flexibilitypossible,”Hayes said. TheKlamathBasinhasoutstandinglocal grainstorageandexcellent rail connections to the Great Western Malting facility in Vancouver,Washington, Hayes said.

Patrick Hayes oversees barley research plantings for craft andmainstreambrew- ers, asAmerica’sbeermarket inspiresnew interest in growing barley in California and beyond. “There’sanuptick inbarleyacres, there’s an uptick in malt usage, and that is driv- en by the craft industry because they are largely using themalts,” saidHayes, a pro- fessor of crop and soil science at Oregon StateUniversity. The growth of the craft industry has stimulated interest in barley production from the West Coast to as far as away as Ohio and Michigan, places that aren’t normally thought of as barley production areas, Hayes said. Hayes has been studying new barley varieties that can adapt to climate change and potentially benefit major brewers, craft producers andmalting companies. “Inourmalting efforts, we try todevelop varietiesthatwouldbeof interest tothecraft industryandwouldalsobeof interest tothe mainstream industry,”Hayes said. “We try tomove those findings as quickly as possi- ble intoour varietydevelopment pipeline.” Hayes has tested winter and facul- tative barley varieties with Admiral Maltings in Alameda County and was preparing to do a spring barley project on the California side of the Klamath

Grower Ed Rose stands in a field of lightning barley malt in the Klamath Basin, where researchers are studying varieties that can adapt to climate change and produce rich flavors for brewers.

consistently provides good crops,” Hayes said. “Farmers saw it as a valuablepieceof their rotations. And the local storage infra- structure existed.” But this year has beenchallenging, with drought conditionsmaking raising barley in the Klamath Basin very complicated. Water shortages are threatening sup- ply chains and livelihoods, Hayes said. Increasingly, his research reflects drought challenges and finding alternatives. Under extreme drought conditions, varieties that are typically used for malt will not provide grain with good malting quality, he said. But rather than lookingatdrought-resis- tant varieties, Hayes is taking an indirect route to use efficiency by focusing on fall- planted barleys. The fall-planted barleys have advantages. Theymature earlier, re- quire less irrigation and are more water efficient because of their growth habits. “They’ll also produce their grain and their crop before the periods of really intense stress kick in,” Hayes said, add- ing it’s similar to how winter wheat is

Basin until that one was scrapped due to a lack of water for irrigation. TheKlamathBasinhashistoricallybeen the single largest productionarea formalt- ing barley because of its warm, dry con- ditions during the day and cool nights. Thismakes it an ideal climate for growing barley. It also has a rotation of onions and potatoes as high value crops—and barley fits into that as a rotation, Hayes said. “It’s just a good place to raise barley; it

See BARLEY, Page 13

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4 Ag Alert September 22, 2021

Elaine Trevino nominated as chief ag trade negotiator

and demonstrated a keen understanding of trade and agriculture policy.” AWhite House statement said, “Elaine understands tariff andnontariff barriers to trade and the importance of maintaining America’s strong trade agreements and global positioning.” The statement said Trevino has played key roles in initiatives including “advocat- ing for funding for COVID-19 relief, ad- dressing retaliatory tariffs, climate-smart farming, public/private partnerships for opening newmarkets and strengthening

existingmarkets.” Besides her California work in trade issues, Trevino also directed Davis and Schwarzenegger administrationeffortson specialty crop grant funding, plant health and pest prevention, and overseeing the statewide county fair network. Trevino, a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley, alsoworked forWells FargoBank as a community development and federal complianceexecutive, and led two economic development corporations in the Central Valley.

President Joe Biden has nominated Elaine Trevino of California as the chief agriculture negotiator for the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. Trevino, who grew up in the Central Valley and lives in Sacramento, is presi- dent of the Almond Alliance of California. She previously worked on international trade programs as deputy secretary of the California Department of Food and Agricultureunder formerGovs.GrayDavis andArnold Schwarzenegger. CaliforniaFarmBureauPresident Jamie Johansson isurgingher swift confirmation by theU.S. Senate. “California’s farmers and ranchers are extremely pleased with Elaine Trevino’s appointment,” Johanssonsaid. “Shebrings areal-lifeunderstandingofCalifornia farm communities and served in key leader- ship positions for both Democratic and Republican administrations. Her expe- rience in the top agricultural production and export state in the nation gives her deepknowledgeof howour nationshould best navigate trade issues for the benefit of farmers and ranchers across America.” U.S. TradeRepresentativeKatherineTai praised Trevino in a statement. “ElaineTrevinounderstands the impor- tance of America’s farmers and farming

communities to the vitality of our econo- my,”Tai said. “Her experiencewill help the Biden-Harris administrationcraft durable tradepolicy that createsbroad-basedpros- perity. Throughout her impressive career serving in leadershippositions at the state and federal level, Elaine has developed strong relationshipswithkey stakeholders

UC building dedicated to citrus advisor John Pehrson, a retired University of California Cooperative Extension citrus advisor, will be honored for his life’s work Oct. 16 at the UC Lindcove Research and ExtensionCenter in Exeter. Council presentedPehrsonwiththeAlbert G. SalterMemorial Award. Center launched a fundraising campaign, several donors identified an opportunity tosupport thecampaignwhilealsopaying tribute to Pehrson.

“John came to the San Joaquin Valley with firsthand experience of the effects of the citrus tristeza virus epidemic in the Southern California community where his family farmed,” JohnKirkpatrick, apast chairman of the Citrus Research Board, toldCitrographmagazine in 2013. “His southern experience also gave him a sense of the importance of air quality’s effects on citrus production,” Kirkpatrick said. Pehrson was known for translating UC research and offering practical solutions to help growers better manage resources and improve crop yields. WhenLindcoveResearchandExtension

The decision was made to raise sup- port to name Lindcove’s administration building “John E. Pehrson Hall” to hon- or his many contributions to the citrus industry. The fundraising campaign, called “Sweetening the Future of Citrus at Lindcove,” is the Exeter center’s first comprehensive fundraising campaign to address many of the challenges faced by California citrus growers and packers. The goal of the campaign is to sup- port infrastructure improvements at Lindcove Research and Extension Center and enhance educational out- reach and programming.

ALindcoveadministrationbuildingwill be dedicated as John E. PehrsonHall. The 93-year-oldplans toattendwithhis family. Pehrson joined UCCE as a farm advi- sor in 1953 for Orange County, moved to UCCE inTulare County as a citrus advisor in 1966, then became a UCCE subtropi- cal horticultural specialist in 1980 at the Kearney Research and Extension Center in Parlier. He transferred in 1982 to the Lindcove center in1982 andworked there until his retirement in 1991. In 1994, the California Citrus Quality

September 22, 2021 Ag Alert 5

Lamb prices up, but wage rule worries sheep ranchers

sheepherders. All have been working for him for at least 10 years. The increase in wagesdue to theovertime rulecausedhim topencil out the impact onhisbottomline. To stay in business, he said a third of his sheep would need to be sold, and a third of his herders would be out of a job. All this comes at a timewhen landman- agers, cities and counties are realizing the value of targeted grazing by livestock to prevent wildfires. This niche for sheep and goats is rapidly gaining interest as fire prevention in drought-stricken California becomes paramount. Targetedgrazingasa fireprevention tool has become another source of income for sheep producers in recent years. Those who offer this service bring animals to ur- ban and rangeland settings to reduce fuel loads. Some flocks also graze under solar panelsonlargesolar farmsforweedcontrol. CWGA President Ed Anchordoguy said the California Rangeland Conservation Coalition sees livestock grazing as a con- servation tool. Andrée Soares, association vice pres- ident and operator of Star Creek Land Stewards in Los Banos, said 39 California cities in 34 counties have hired flocks to minimize fire risks in inaccessible areas. Herders, she said, are a vital part of this service and it would not be possible to achieve the fuel reductionprogramswith- out them. Soares and Clovis sheep rancher Ryan Indart said they have been meeting with key state legislators to develop an alterna-

tive and amend the law. She noted that 42 state legislators have signed a letter sent to the governor advocating for an amend- ment toAB 1066. Meanwhile, in a recent lamb market outlook report, Texas A&M Extension economist David Anderson said the cur- rent strong prices for lamb are a result of low supplies. Fewer animals are moving to slaughter, and dressed weights have also decline. The recent average, Anderson said, was 60 pounds. Cold-storage stocks are also below a five-year average and the lowest inrecent years. Lowervolumesof lambim- ports alsocontributed to lowsupplies, but have alsomade theU.S. an attractivemar- ket for Australia andNewZealand lamb. Lack of rangeland feed and higher prices for feed have driven numbers of mature sheep to market, Anderson said. Although prices for mature sheep are higher than in recent years, the loss of these sheepwill lead to smaller total flock numbers next year, and supplies of lamb could remain tight. “Tight domestic supplies are likely to keeppriceshighnext yearandattractmore imports,” Anderson said. “But production costs are also high.” DaveGoldenberg, CEOof theCalifornia Sheep Commission, said fewer sheep numbers have affected the funding for promotion of lamb andwool. (Cec i l ia Parsons i s a repor ter in Du c o r. Sh e ma y b e c on t a c t e d a t ceciliaparsons8@gmail.com.)

ByCeciliaParsons Current strong prices for lamb and a short domestic supply would normally be causeformuchoptimismamongCalifornia sheep-ranching families. But, while they welcome the better market prices, many are facing a fight to remain inbusiness. Sheep ranchers have expressed con- cerns about a new overtime and wage rule set to come into effect Jan. 1. This rule, they say, would force them to lay off herders, cut back on their flocks or exit the business altogether. “We already operate on very tight mar- gins,” said Cole Bakke, who operates IOU Sheep Company with his family in Tulare County. Costs for feed and transportation continuetorise,hesaid.Theloominghikein herder compensation is a serious concern. Assembly Bill 1066, which was signed into law by Gov. Jerry Brown in 2016, followed by an amended wage order in 2019, requires sheepherders be paid overtime wages. Thenewwageorderwasmodifiedwith- out a comment period or industry input fromorganizations such as the California Wool Growers Association and others al- most three years after it was signed and became law. Historically, sheepherders have been exempt fromstate hourlyminimumwage

and hourly overtime requirements due to the unique nature of the job. According toMonica Youree, executive director ofWesternRangeAssociation, the newwage ruleswill immediately result ina 119%increase insheepherderwages. That means monthly salaries would go from $1,955 to $4,286. Youree noted that sheep- herders now receive housing and in some cases food andphones as part of their job. This would bring California’s sheep- herders toacompensationlevelmore than twice what is paid to similar workers in 11 other sheep andwool-producing states. “Yes, they are on call 24hours aday, but onmost days they fill water tanks, maybe move some fence.Most of the time there is no physical labor involved, and certainly not for 24 hours,” Bakke said. California Wool Grower Association leaders have been very vocal about their request for an exemption to the rule, based on the unique nature of a sheep- herder’s job. DanMacon, a former associationpres- ident, said there are about 175 family sheep operations in the state and they employ about 350herders annually.Most herders are Peruvian andwork under the H-2A program. Bakke, who runs bands of sheep in the Central Valley, currently employs 12

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6 Ag Alert September 22, 2021

A SPECIAL GROWERS’ REPORT OF AG ALERT ® C A L I F O R N I A Trees & Vines ®

Solbrio table grapes, grown on spur-pruned vines without any applications of plant-growth regulators, can save money and require less labor and fewer chemicals, researchers say.

Researchers tout table grape and raisin varieties ByDennis Pollock

“It’s crunchy and sweet, with clusters at a reasonable size, with high brix and lowacid- ity,” El Kereamy said. “This was our first full harvest, and next year we expect them to be even better.” He said he believes the size of the grapes could increasewithmore nutrition. “I believe we can manage size” without use of growth regulators, he said. “I’m very optimistic about this variety.” ElKereamy saidresearchersatKearneyarecomparinguseof twopruningsystems: spur pruning and cane pruning. Maha Afifi, senior scientist at the California Table Grape Commission, is looking into differences in irrigation scheduling. The cultivar is licensed exclusively to the California Table Grape Commission, which will make it widely available through sub-licensing agreements. Solbriooriginated fromaplannedcross designedbyRamming in2004. Seedlings from the cross were transplanted to a field in the spring of 2005. Matthew Fidelibus, with the UCDavis Department of Viticulture and Enology, talked about the Sunpreme raisin grapes. He explained the fruit “dries on its own” without the cutting of canes and without

Two different varieties of grapes, growing in separate research plots at the Kearney Agricultural ResearchandExtensionCenter inParlier, sharecommonandwelcome traits. One is a raisinand theother is a tablegrape. Eachcanbepluckedoff thevineandeaten, and both are tasty. The twograpeswereshowcasedduringaUniversityofCaliforniaGrapeDay—andthere was significant pluckingandeating. Participantsboarded trams andwere taken tovarious research plots where they sampled fruit and soaked in information fromnew research. DavidRamming, a retiredU.S.Department ofAgricultureAgricultural ResearchService horticulturist, bred both grapes. Inthe livegatheringafter thepandemic first shutdownsimilarevents,AshrafElKereamy talkedabout theSolbrio tablegrape.He isdirectorof theLindcoveResearchandExtension Center and an assistant UC Cooperative Extension specialist. Before himwere several clusters of the black-skinned, seedless Solbrio variety. El Kereamy said thegrape ripensbetweenmid-Julyand theendof July, fillingawindow whenother varietiesare inshort supply. Because ithasashorter season, hesaid, it requires less water. The table grape also doesn’t require applications of plant-growth regulators for sizing. That savesmoney and labor and requires use of fewer chemicals.

See GRAPES, Page 8

September 22, 2021 Ag Alert 7

Grapes Continued from Page 7

clusters beingplacedonpaper trays todry in the sun. He said the berries are bigger than those of the Thompson Seedless variety, and there are more clusters. By early August, some of the fruit was already dry and some was just starting to dry. “That’s one of the challenges of the va- riety,” Fidelibus said. “This really could be farmed pretty much like winegrapes,” he said. “Go out there with a machine, prune it, grow it, let it dry, and then go harvest it with a machine.” He said it appears to be a raisin grape variety that canbe fullymechanized from pruning to harvest. With all those promising traits, he said, “come a couple weird traits we’re trying tomanage better.” An arm of a cluster dropped to the ground and the grapes shattered. “As you can see,” Fidebilus added, “some of the fruit drops onto the ground preharvest.” In a vineyard he studied, Fidelibus tracked howmuch fell off between verai-

Researcher Matthew Fidelibus shows off Sunpreme raisin grapes at the Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Parlier.

son andharvest, about 10%. An addition- al 10% dropped during harvest, bringing the total losses to about 20%. The yield was between three and four tons per acre despite the losses. “Perhaps you need to concentrate on what you’re gett ing in the bin,” Fidelibus said. He said the losses may be “the price of doing business.” He said researchers have one year of yield data, “and it seems promising.”

Researchers are looking at growth on bilateral and quadrilateral cordons. They’re also looking at physiological processes thatmayspur thedryingprocess and examining if those can bemanaged. Sunpreme is a green raisin grape bred and patented by Ramming. Its release is being directed by USDA plant genet- icist Craig Ledbetter and his colleagues at the San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center. So far,multiplenurseries have a license

for Sunpreme, and some are already tak- ing orders from grape producers. The f irst year of crop production was 2017. USDA has long focused on early-rip- ening grape varieties. Fiesta and Selma Pete are two examples of early-ripening raisin grapes that helped change the way California raisins are produced. (Denni s Pol lock i s a repor t er in F r e s no . He ma y b e c on t a c t e d a t agcompollock@yahoo.com.)

Feed board has 4 vacancies The Feed Inspection Advisory Board Technical Advisory Subcommittee of the California Department of Food and Agriculture has four vacancies. and nonruminant nutrition. The term of office is three years. Members receive no compensationbut areentitled topayment of necessary travel expenses.

The subcommittee provides technical andscientificadvicetotheFeedInspection Advisory Board and CDFA on animal food nutrition and safety. It also advises the CDFA Commercial Feed Regulatory Program, Livestock Drug Program and Safe Animal Feed Education Program. Applicantsmust demonstrate technical, appliedandscientificexpertise inthe fields of toxicology, pathology, and ruminant

Those interested should send a ré- sumé and a Feed TASC Prospective Member Appointment Questionnaire to Cathryn.McCandless@cdfa.ca.gov. The application deadline is Oct. 15. For more informat ion, ca l l CDFA Feed, Fertilizer and Livestock Drugs Regu l ator y Ser v i ces branch s t a f f at 916-900-5022 or visi t www.cdfa. ca.gov/is/ffldrs/Feed_FIAB.html.

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8 Ag Alert September 22, 2021

Two research efforts seek powdery mildew solutions

Torres demonstrated how a glove can be used to sweep through the vines. Then the glove is swabbed and the cotton swab is submitted to a lab for an analysis ofmil- dew levels. Torres also showed amildewspore trap that canhelpgrowersget the jumponpow- dery mildew. It can detect mildew pres- ence as early as four weeks before the first symptoms appear on a plant. The traps use a solar-powered mech- anism and molecular analysis for iden- tification. The traps can help flag when a treatment is inorderandcanhelppinpoint

mildew “hot spots.” Taneja said researchers are currently performing proof-of-concept field testing for control of powderymildewat Kearney. Researchers said they believe topical RNA interference could provide an ef- fective and durable biopesticide for pow- dery-mildewcontrolwithanovelmodeof action and could reduce environmental and health impacts compared to current chemical fungicides. Taneja said researchers tested 50 to 60

ByDennis Pollock Powderymildewcanpunchabighole in thepocketbooks of grape growers, costing themup to 4% to 7% of their revenue de- pending on grape variety, growing region and the year’s disease pressures. Now the mildew is at the center of two researcheffortsat theKearneyAgricultural Research and ExtensionCenter inParlier. One study has its feet firmly on the ground,where stepsarealreadybeing tak- en with technologies and chemical tools currently inhand. Another research project looks to the future—and use of genome sequenc- ing—to achieve a better understanding of genes that play a role in growth of pow- derymildew. The delivery systemfor that management step is probably four or five years away. Gabriel Torres, University of California viticulture and enology farm advisor in KingsCounty, addressedthetopicofof cur- rent tools at aGrapeDay event at Kearney. He discussed the challenges of keeping resistance touseful chemicals at bay. Jyoti Taneja, a project scientist with UC Berkeley, talkedabout ribonucleicacid, or RNA, interference technology, which has been shown to be effective in controlling several plant pests. It uses a natural cellu- lar process that employs double-stranded RNA against specific gene transcripts. The Wildermuth Lab at UC Berkeley has developed topical RNA interference technology to control powdery mildew in grapevines. Torres saidusing thesamepesticides re- peatedly can result in resistance to them. He saidRally is themost recent exampleof a fungicide that has been rendered less ef- fective throughdevelopment of resistance. He said it is important to use pesti- cides that have different modes of ac- tion. While they can be used twice in a season, he added, labels on some pes- ticides carry warnings that they should not be used in consecutive sprays.

“You need to rotate fungicides,” Torres said. Hesaidvulnerability topowderymildew is cultivar dependent. He said steps can be taken to improve air flow and fungicide penetration by opening canopies. That also reduces hu- midity inside the canopy.

See MILDEW, Page 10

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September 22, 2021 Ag Alert 9

Mildew Continued from Page 9

79983 from the date they installed their facil- ity,” Johnston said. “It is not fair to go to the first and second iteration (NEM customers) and change the rules out from under them when they’ve made this investment.” The agricultural parties filed a reply brief Sept. 14 encompassing these is- sues. The reply brief is the last substan- tive piece of this proceeding, Johnston said, and the commission has a stated goal of reaching a decision by the end of the year. 79983 AMF are partners with grapevines known for their contribution tovinephos- phorus uptake. They also increase the ac- quisition of other poorlymobile nutrients in soil, such as copper and zinc. Tiansaidnitrogen isoneof themost im- portant nutrients tomanage in vineyards. Researchers lookedat hownitrogen fer- tilizationaffectedmycorrhizal associations andvinenutrient statusover threeyears in a chardonnay and a pinot noir vineyard. Nitrogen applied at 40 to 60 pounds per acre decreasedAMF colonization in roots of both varieties. (Denni s Pol lock i s a repor t er in F r e s no . He ma y b e c on t a c t e d a t agcompollock@yahoo.com.) 79983

Gabriel Torres, a viticulture and enology farm advisor, says using the same pesti- cides repeat- edly can result in resistance to them.

genes. She said RNA is an unstablemole- cule because it can be depleted in seven days. There currently isno formulation for delivery of RNA interference to the plant. “It may be four to five years before that technology is available for the market,” she said. Field day participants also heard from TianTian,UCviticulture farmadvisorwith KernCounty. Shediscussedhownitrogen affects the symbiotic association between grapevines and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, or AMF, andwhether AMF canhelp vines to acquire nitrogen fromthe soil. Field and greenhouse trials were con- ducted in Oregon’s Willamette Valley to

look at the issue. It was found that AMF didn’t help vines acquire nitrogen from the soil under any circumstance tested, including different rates and sources of nitrogen, including ammoniumnitrate, glycine and leaf litter.

The studies indicated that AMF are un- likely to boost vine nitrogen uptake from the soil. But they showed nitrogen fertil- ization can reduce the fungi colonization and decrease benefits conveyed by the symbiotic relationship.

T:10.25" B:10.5"

Energy Continued from Page 3

ensuring that customers who installed facilities based on existing rate structures maintain the benefit of the promisedbar- gain. Johnston explained that the focus of the conversation has been on residential customer impacts and the perceived cost shift between residential NEMcustomers and those who cannot take advantage of self-generation. “Under existing frameworks, cus- tomers were assured that the frame- work would stay in place for 20 years

T:10.25" B:10.5"

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10 Ag Alert September 22, 2021

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JOB #: 65871-2 DOCUMENT NAME: FT20N005CM-track-tractor-grow-bold-track-star-full-page.indd FILE PATH: Macintosh HD:Users:nielsen:Documents:WFH_Work_in_Progress:65871-2_AGC_Fendt_Track_Tractor_Print_Ad:_renamed_for_client:FT20N005CM-track-tractor-grow-bold-track-star-full-page.indd PUB(S): - DATE: 9-10-2020 1:56 PM GCD: John Neerland

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